project also sought to develop methodologies for involving affected children and their families in the casework and advocacy required to resolve their nationality problems. This report describes the methodology, the profiles of children and families included in the research, causes of their statelessness, outcomes sought and approaches taken with families to resolving their nationality problems, as well as analysing some of the emerging trends from the project. 2. Methodology & partner organisations In July 2020, ENS published the findings of a literature review and mapping it commissioned to understand what further research and advocacy was needed to inform and progress its work with members across Europe to prevent and reduce statelessness among children in migration.4 The review recommended: “…participatory, action research that sets out to attempt to achieve tangible benefits for children, and documents which strategies work, which do not, and why. Participatory means working with refugee families to try to achieve these outcomes for their children, while including them in reflection and analysis on what is working and what is not.” Drawing on this review, ENS developed a research framework and guidance and put out a call to its membership for organisations doing legal casework with refugee children and young people affected by statelessness to apply to participate in action research activities to document and learn from this work. Each applying organisation was asked to identify a group of (four to five) refugee or migrant children or young people affected by (risk of) statelessness with whom they were working and who (to the best of their knowledge) would like to participate in the project. They were asked to commit to working with refugee children/young people in a safe and participatory way to facilitate their input and involvement (including through provision of interpreting and translation where needed, and participating in safeguarding training); to be familiar with relevant law, policy, statistics, and literature relating to the children/young people they were working with and possess the relevant skills and capacities to undertake action research (legal/policy analysis, advocacy, participatory engagement, etc.); to be able to demonstrate that there is a real possibility of achieving – or contributing to - one or more of the tangible outcomes identified in the research framework for the children or young people with whom they were working; and to 4 These can be read in detail in the mapping report: https://www.statelessness.eu/updates/publications/literature-review-and-mapping-study-risks-statelessnessamong-children