Case Study - Adnan Adnan was born in Sofia in 2021 to a Palestinian stateless family seeking international protection in Bulgaria. The nationality in Adnan’s birth certificate was initially recorded as ‘unshown’ (‘непоказано’). FAR supported his father to meet with the municipal civil registry authorities, who advised him to file an application to establish and recognise Adnan as a Bulgarian national. Fees of 70 leva, two photographs, and copies of both parents' asylum registration cards were required to submit the application. At the bank, the fee had to be deposited in the name of the FAR lawyer, because Adnan’s father's asylum registration card was not accepted as proof of identity. The municipal authorities forwarded the application to the Ministry of Justice to check whether Adnan was stateless and should be recognised as a Bulgarian national by law, which was confirmed and established in June 2022 under Article 10 of the Bulgarian Citizenship Act. The family was later required to present proof of permanent address and Adnan was issued a Bulgarian identity number ‘ЕГН’ and registered in the population registry. 4.3 Czech Republic Five cases were included in the research in the Czech Republic. The outcomes sought included statelessness status determination in the cases of three families, all of whom originated from the former-USSR, including one of mixed parentage in which the mother is a Latvian non-citizen and the father a refugee from another former-Soviet State. The fourth case concerned a stateless family from Kazakhstan with a stateless child born in the Czech Republic, for whom the outcome sought was Czech citizenship. The final case concerned an Armenian-Cuban family in which the child is stateless, and the family is seeking international protection. The cases in the Czech Republic were challenging in different ways, but one of the key systemic barriers was that there is no dedicated statelessness determination procedure, so statelessness determination, although possible in theory, is a complex and lengthy legal process, which requires expert advice and advocacy. In at least one of the cases, delays on the part of the embassy of the country with which the family had links, exacerbated waiting times. Further key barriers included the requirement to present a valid travel document to regulate permanent residence, and the requirement that at least one parent has legal residence in the Czech Republic for a child born stateless on the territory to acquire Czech