and young people in single and two-parent families who had been granted international protection, and those whose residence or protection status remained insecure. This section provides an overview of the profiles of the research participants and the causes of their (risk of) statelessness. 3.1 Profiles of the children and young people included in the research Several of the children and young people who participated in the research belong to recognised stateless minorities, including Sahrawi children in Spain, Palestinian children and young people in Bulgaria and Albania, and a child of a Latvian non-citizen parent in the Czech Republic. Other children had parents originating from countries with sizeable stateless populations and recent histories of conflict or State succession, including Kosovar families in Albania, families from Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine in the Czech Republic, from the Russian Federation in Ukraine and Spain, and from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in Ukraine. In other cases, children and families originated from countries with protracted refugee situations and from which significant numbers of refugees have arrived in Europe, including Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Eritrea. In other cases, the parents’ specific origins and circumstances had led to risks of statelessness arising from complex individual or systemic factors, including conflicts in the nationality laws of parents’ countries of nationality, situations of domestic abuse, and alleged national security concerns. Some of the research participants were born in their parent(s) country of nationality or former habitual residence. For example, two brothers were born in Gaza before seeking international protection in Bulgaria with their mother. Others were born in transit en route to the country where they sought protection. For example, a child born to a mother from Cameroon in Morocco who then travelled on to Spain where they claimed asylum. Many of the children were born in the country where the research took place. For example, children born to parents seeking asylum, statelessness status, or another form of protection whilst their residence or protection status in the country remained unclear. 3.2 Causes of (risk of) statelessness among research participants 3.2.1 Inherited statelessness Several of the children and young people in the research inherited their statelessness from their parent(s), who themselves are stateless refugees. For example, children born to Palestinian parents, or a family from Ukraine in which the parents had been citizens of the Former-USSR but did not obtain Ukrainian nationality when that country gained independence and remained stateless for many years before seeking asylum in the Czech