Journal of Human Rights 187 and coded according to whether they mentioned people in mobility using key term searches: “foreigner,” “migrant,” “refugee,” and “asylum seeker.” This helped to identify which UN recommendations referred explicitly to removing obstacles to birth registration for children born to people on the move. In the second phase, I added depth by analyzing the context and significance of each mention. Informed by feminist content analysis (Hesse-Biber et al., 2007; Reinharz & Davidman, 1992), which pays attention to what is and what is not present, I printed and coded by hand the country summaries of the relevant recommendations and background information. The goal was to identify civil registration strengthening efforts under way in a given country, patterns in the type(s) of discrimination, and affected groups. Coding was informed by the theoretical framework of intersectionality, as well as feminist scholarship on women’s human rights discussed in the second section of this article. A second round of ISI database queries was conducted to identify patterns regarding gender discrimination in both citizenship conferral and birth registration. The coding strategy was both deductive and inductive (Pierce, 2008). Initially, findings were coded deductively as either direct or indirect forms of gender discrimination. Subsequent inductive codes identified the types of gender-based discrimination or violence that contributed to nonregistration of birth (marital status, sexual violence, child marriage, etc.). The countries that received the highest number of UN recommendations can be found in Table 1. Table 1. Top 10 countries by number of UN Recommendations received on birth registration for people in mobility* by human rights mechanism** and year. CCPR CEDAW CMW CRC 2016 2013 2021 2012 2013 2019 2018 2012 2019 2012 2019 2010 2014 Cambodia 2013 2019 2020 N/A 2011 2010 2014 Chile 2012 2018 2013 2011 2021 2015 2021 2014 2013 2022 2008 2013 N/A 2008 2015 2015 2010 2014 2019 2016 2010 2014 2019 Azerbaijan Bosnia and Herzegovina 2012 2017 CERD CESCR CRPD UPR 2019 Dominican Republic 2012 2017 Ethiopia 2019 N/A 2015 Mauritania 2013 2019 2016 2010 2018 Myanmar N/A N/A 2012 South Africa South Korea 2019 2016 N/A 2021 2015 2018 2016 2018 2019 N/A 2015 2021 2019 2021 2015 2011 2016 2012 2017 2019 2012 2017 2012 Source: This table was compiled by the author using the recommendations included in the ISI Database on Statelessness and Nationality as of June 2022. *“People in mobility” includes migrants, emigrants, refugees, asylum seekers, and return migrants. **The human rights mechanisms included here are the UN Human Rights Committee, which monitors the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR); Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW); Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD); Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR); Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (CMW); Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC); Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD); and the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), which is a mechanism of the UN Human Rights Council. Blue shading = recommendations related to birth registration for children of people in mobility. Grey shading = Not applicable (N/A) because the state is not party to the Convention. Gold shading = general recommendations on improving birth registration and/or recommendations on addressing obstacles for minority groups not necessarily in mobility.