out of wedlock, those born from incidents of sexual violence, and children born to parents in certain inter-faith marriages.5 Reports further indicate that the procedural requirements for registering a child by the mother can be very difficult in practice, including on account of prevailing social norms, which are unaccepting of children born outside wedlock:6 Syrian women, moreover, faced difficulties in registering their children. As Syrian nationality is conferred to a child through his or her Syrian father, Syrian women encountered obstacles when proceeding administratively with civil registration in the absence of the father. Despite legal provisions enabling women to confer Syrian nationality without proving a legal link to the father, including children born out of wedlock, such as in cases of rape, this appeared rarely to be the case, likely owing to social norms and the stigma attached.7 Where the father of a child is unknown, the filiation of the child to the mother must be established through filing a case before a religious court.8 Women are required to approach the police and request the opening of an investigation into the circumstances of the 5 6 7 8 Children in Syria, 16 January 2019, https://bit.ly/2sHkFNX. “Under current legislation, children born outside wedlock may be registered in civil records under the name and surname of the mother”; Government of Syria / UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, Fifth Periodic Report Submitted by the Syrian Arab Republic under Article 44 of the Convention, Due in 2015, 1 November 2017, CRC/C/SYR/5, https://bit.ly/2ScJAVQ, paras 42, 107. According to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, “[O]ne of the major protection concerns for children in Syria was the civil registration and the right to acquire nationality. This was a long-standing issue which had been aggravated by the armed conflict and displacement, with some groups of children continuing to be at high risk of not being registered and documented at birth, for example children born to non-married parents or in mixed religion marriages, and children born out of situations of sexual violence or in contested or isolated areas. The lack of registration equated to a lack of legal status of the child and impeded access to all services – health, education and humanitarian assistance”; Committee on the Rights of the Child, Committee on the Rights of the Child Reviews the Situation of Children in Syria, 16 January 2019, https://bit.ly/2sHkFNX. “Although women have the same rights as men to register the births of their children, nationality is only transferred from the father and mothers therefore must struggle to register the births of their infants”; OECD Development Centre, Social Institutions and Gender Index ̶ Syrian Arab Republic, 2019, https://bit.ly/2kJmR7k, p. 8. See also, Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) / ISI, Toolkit: Understanding Statelessness in the Syria Refugee Context, accessed 30 September 2019, www.syrianationality.org/index.php?id=18; Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Syrian Personal Status Law, December 2018, https://bit.ly/2JyhaCT, p. 6; Syria Direct, East Ghouta Families Mired in Unrecognized Births, Marriages after Years under Opposition Rule, 2 August 2018, http://bit.ly/2mmem2C; Al-Hayat, Syria’s Fatherless Children, 9 October 2016, https://bit.ly/2nqeBdx; UNHCR, In Search of Solutions: Addressing Statelessness in the Middle East and North Africa, 2016, www.refworld.org/pdfid/5829c32a4.pdf, p. 13; UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention: Convention on the Rights of the Child: Concluding Observations: Syrian Arab Republic, 9 February 2012, CRC/C/SYR/CO/3-4, www.refworld.org/docid/5305e86f4.html, para. 43. “(…) the application of this safeguard [transfer of nationality from the mother to her child in situations where a legal link to the father is not established], is challenging due to the social repercussions of registering a child who is born out of wedlock”; ISI, Civil Society Submission on the Right of Every Child to Acquire a Nationality under Article 7 CRC, 1 March 2018, https://bit.ly/2mSoWyA, para. 5. ���(…) unwed mothers in the Middle East often face social isolation or harassment from their family and community members. In less common but more extreme circumstances, women who bear children outside of marriage may fear so-called ‘honor’ crimes, in which family members retaliate against women for perceived transgressions against the family ‘honor”; Harvard Human Rights Journal Online, Why Non-Marital Children in the MENA Region Face a Risk of Statelessness, January 2015, http://bit.ly/2mRFs1R, p. 5. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, A/HRC/42/51, 15 August 2019, http://bit.ly/2kRTHmI, para. 93. Syrian Arab Republic/Ministry of Interior / UNHCR, Syria – Booklet on Civil Documentation and Registration in the Syrian Arab Republic, 25 April 2019, https://bit.ly/2mYkwGg, p. 22. 2