technical fix that does not address many non-technical aspects of the problem. As noted by the Carter Center in the context of electoral registration: “Given its expense, countries should remember that biometrics only addresses one problem: multiple voting…. Thus, officials must consider whether multiple registrations and/or voting are among the most serious problems the electoral system of a given country faces.”313 These new initiatives, with their focus on computerisation and strengthening administrative systems, are mostly useful interventions. Ratification of the international treaties is also important. But without a focus on the broader context of law and practice, they risk ignoring important issues surrounding access to a nationality and the avoidance of statelessness, including the need for reform to address gaps in the law, a lack of due process, and the inaccessibility of nationality determination systems and naturalisation processes. A focus on strengthening identity systems mainly as a security measure risks reinforcing the very exclusions that have fuelled some security problems. A system that is not fully “securitised” creates ambiguities which people whose status is in doubt (but see themselves as good citizens) can use to find themselves documents and a legal identity; reforms to that system that focus only on removing those who have fraudulently obtained documents or who are a security threat, but not on ensuring that those who should be able to access such documents can legitimately do so, will be counterproductive. Above all, they will create statelessness. 313 Wang, Voter Identification Requirements, Carter Center, 2013. 96