Summary 27 Over several years, the connection between identification documents and international crimes has been well-recognized. Yet, even amid genocidal attacks against the Rohingya, certain U.N. officials, embassies, and others in Myanmar not only failed to condemn the use of NVCs in targeting Rohingya but, in some cases, explicitly endorsed NVCs as a pragmatic solution to Rohingya “statelessness.” However, after experiencing the brutality of the military firsthand following the February 1, 2021 coup, the general public in Myanmar showed signs of becoming more open and accepting of the Rohingya people and more informed about the atrocities they faced in Rakhine State. Tolerance for discriminatory laws, policies, and practices affecting the Rohingya, including the NVC process, is waning. Notably, on June 3, 2021, the National Unity Government (NUG) of Myanmar—the government established in April 2021 by elected parliamentarians who evaded arrest following the coup—announced its commitment to “abolishing” the NVC process, describing the NVC as “a process that the military has used against the Rohingya and other ethnic groups coercively and with human rights violations.” The NUG further committed to ensuring citizenship based “on birth in Myanmar or birth anywhere as a child of Myanmar citizens,” which would effectively restore or grant full citizenship rights to all Rohingya people. In September 2021, Rohingya human rights defender and refugee leader Mohib Ullah was assassinated in Bangladesh in September 2021 for his work defending the rights of Rohingya. In March 2019, Mohib Ullah had the opportunity to address the U.N. Human Rights Council in Geneva. He told U.N. member states: For decades, we faced systemic genocide in Myanmar . . . They burned our houses, took our land, they gang-raped women and girls, and they killed thousands of us. Today, we are branded as “kalar” [a pejorative term in the Burmese language]. They call us “illegal immigrants,” “Bengali,” [and] “Muslim terrorist.” We are not any of this. We are citizens of Myanmar. We are Rohingya. Key Recommendations The Myanmar military junta is committing international crimes including ongoing genocide in Myanmar. This report makes 19 recommendations including: • U.N. member states should take action to deny the Myanmar military access to weapons, financing and revenues, and political legitimacy. International businesses should avoid engaging the Myanmar military and its associates at all costs, and any businesses believed to be complicit in the junta’s crimes should be held accountable in relevant jurisdictions. • U.N. member states, particularly members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), should engage the civilian-led NUG on solutions, provide it with material support, and support existing international accountability mechanisms to end and remedy ongoing atrocity crimes in Myanmar. • More broadly, U.N. member states should publicly acknowledge, through formal determinations, the Rohingya genocide and other atrocity crimes perpetrated in Myanmar, including war crimes and crimes against humanity. • U.N. member states should each establish dedicated departments focused on preventing and ending mass atrocity crimes through domestic mechanisms and multilateral coordination. Similarly, U.N. and international humanitarian organizations should employ legal specialists to identify mass atrocity crimes, recommend emergency responses, and educate the humanitarian community about prevention.