2011 March 30 The military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party wins flawed national elections and former military general Thein Sein becomes president. Rohingya are able to participate in the election process, and Rohingya candidates are elected to parliament. 2014 March–April Myanmar conducts a national census that deliberately excludes Rohingya Muslims and others. June 25 Myanmar authorities begin issuing Identity Cards of National Verification to Rohingya that confer no rights. Some Rohingya are coerced or forced to accept the cards. 2016 October 9 After Rohingya militant attacks on Myanmar police officers in Maungdaw and Rathedaung townships, Myanmar security forces raze dozens of villages in Maungdaw Township, killing, raping, and arresting Rohingya en masse, and forcing the displacement of more than 90,000 Rohingya to Bangladesh. March 24 The U.N. Human Rights Council establishes the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) on Myanmar to investigate human rights violations and abuses in Rakhine, Kachin, and Shan states. The Myanmar government refuses to cooperate with the mechanism. 2012 June Violent incidents between Buddhists and Muslims in Rakhine State spiral into targeted, state-sanctioned attacks on Rohingya and other Muslims, ultimately displacing more than 200,000 Rohingya. More than 125,000 Rohingya and others are confined to dozens of internment camps that remain in place at the time of writing. Late 2012 Myanmar authorities begin a “citizenship verification” process targeting displaced Rohingya in Rakhine State and identifying them as “Bengali” or “Bengali/Islam.” 2015 Myanmar authorities revoke the White Cards held by Rohingya ahead of the national elections and issue White Card receipts, which also confer no rights. November 8 Rohingya are barred from voting or running for office in national elections. The NLD wins in a landslide victory. Aung San Suu Kyi becomes the de facto head of state as State Counsellor. Under her administration, ICNVs are rebranded as National Verification Cards (NVCs). 2017 August 25 In response to further Rohingya militant attacks on police outposts, the Myanmar military kills thousands of Rohingya civilians, razes hundreds of villages, and commits other atrocities throughout northern Rakhine State. More than 745,000 Rohingya flee to Bangladesh.