INTRODUCTION | 5 to either returning home or rebuilding a life elsewhere. Many, whether still in displacement or returned home, are unable to enjoy their rights as Iraqi citizens and fully engage in the recovery and reconstruction of post-conflict Iraq. A foundational reason for this is they do not have proof of their legal identity. Some people lost their documents as they fled their homes; others had them confiscated by various parties to the conflict; and yet others were issued IS documentation, which is of no value now. These paperless people, as a result of lacking critical state-issued civil documents, such as birth certificates, marriage certificates, nationality cards and civil IDs, find themselves denied human rights, barred from a range of public services and excluded from recovery and reconstruction efforts. Local and international humanitarian agencies like the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), the Danish Refugee Council (DRC) and the International Rescue Committee (IRC) have collectively helped tens of thousands of Iraqis over the last few years obtain, renew, or replace civil documents lost as a result of the most recent crisis. However, an estimated 80,000 families across the country still have family members missing at least one civil document.i The number of children missing documents is likely much higher. At least 45,000 displaced children living in camps alone are estimated to be missing birth certificates. Without these essential civil papers, they are at risk of statelessness and find it incredibly difficult to access services such as education and healthcare.ii During the conflict with the Islamic State group (IS), 6 million Iraqi citizens were forced to flee their homes. Since the end of the conflict, more than 4 million have returned home, while 1.7 million people still live in displacement. These families struggle to access basic services and face often insurmountable roadblocks This report, based on research conducted by NRC in partnership with DRC and IRC, through the Cash Consortium for Iraq (CCI)iii shows how a significant portion of Iraqi families living in urban areas formerly under IS control are being denied basic services because they are paperless. They are barred from accessing rights-based public services such as education,