– in particular, the discretionary authority to grant or deny employment authorization and to set the conditions of supervision orders. Moreover, there is currently no independent judicial review of these discretionary decisions. Final Orders of Removal and Related Detention Under current law, a person who has been ordered removed is detained for a 90-day period to facilitate the government’s ability to execute that removal order.91 Accordingly, even in the case of an individual who has been determined to be stateless, a country for removal would be assigned and the stateless individual would be detained despite any real expectation that the person will actually be removed. In many cases, a stateless person will be released under an order of supervision at the end of the 90-day period,92 but this is not always the case. In some cases, stateless individuals are released after 90 days but subsequently detained again, even though nothing in their situation had changed. © S. Rubin, Used by Permission Once a final order of removal is issued, the individual to be deported is responsible for obtaining travel documents to return to his or her country of origin. Even though under U.S. law, the Department of Homeland Security has the authority to remove a non-citizen without the permission of the country designated for removal, actual removal to that country may be impracticable—even impossible—if the person cannot obtain a passport or travel document. Because a period of detention almost invariably follows an order of removal,90 persons whose removal orders cannot be executed may spend extended periods of time in detention after all immigration procedures have ended while awaiting a response from a country that feels no obligation to them. Every year, hundreds of thousands of non-citizens, including some stateless individuals, are held in immigration detention facilities 20 Citizens of Nowhere: