Kelly Kapianga (LCK Chambers) recognising additional categories of citizenship such as by adoption. The most recent changes in the citizenship regime entailed an introduction of the right to dual citizenship. Unlike some African countries, Zambian citizenship has not been tied any ethnicity or tribal affiliations. An issue which permeated Zambia’s citizenship laws was the gender discrimination which prevented females from transmitting an entitlement to citizenship to their spouses. This was rectified under the 2016 Constitution. Another recurring issue is the conditions under which a person must be resident in Zambia to be entitled to be registered for citizenship by virtue of residence for 10 years. Some laws have suggested that the residence must not be under the authority of a residence permit while others suggest the contrary. The current law provides the latter. Although this requirement is not the subject of any discussions in Zambia, its potential impact on preventing people resident in Zambia as refugees is likely to arise in future. Future changes are likely to result in the increase in the minimum period for marriage to a Zambian from 5 years to 10 years to entitle a spouse to apply for Zambian citizenship and the addition of a requirement that in order for a child to be entitled to citizenship by adoption, they must not be related to the adopting parent. 24 RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-CR 2020/14- © 2020 Author(s)