Kelly Kapianga (LCK Chambers) a temporary permit to be excluded, but without specifying which type of permit would be required. The implication as drafted was that only residence without a permit would be considered, which seems unlikely to be the intention. The Citizenship Act 1975 was amended in 1986 to state that the relevant period for considering eligibility to apply for citizenship by registration was that spent when a person has a right to reside in Zambia under an entry permit.65 This provision is curious because it directly contradicted the provision in the 1973 Constitution providing that such time could not be considered when computing time for eligibility for registration as a citizen under the ground of having resided in Zambia for at least 10 years. It is possible that this was an attempt by Parliament to correct the problematic provision under the Independence Constitution regarding time spent in Zambia under an entry permit vis a vis eligibility for naturalisation. The 1973 constitutional regime retained the requirement introduced by the Independence Constitution that an applicant for registration as a citizen citizenship have adequate knowledge of the English language or any language commonly used by the indigenous inhabitants of Zambia.66 This regime went on to prescribe that the languages commonly used by the inhabitants of Zambia were Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale and Tonga.67 The regime also set out how certain matters relative to eligibility either to citizenship or to an application for registration were to be proved. Where birth had to be proved, the applicant needed to produce a birth certificate or affidavit of the place and date of birth.68 Where marriage and the particulars thereof had to be proved, the applicant had to produce a marriage certificate.69 Finally, where citizenship had to be proved, then the applicant had to produce a passport, certificate of registration, a National Registration Card, a birth certificate or an affidavit of the date and place of birth.70 The 1975 Citizenship Act established a Citizenship Board for the first time.71 The functions of the Board were to determine any application for registration as a citizen and to deal with matters relating to citizenship in Zambia.72 The Board assumed many of the powers previously conferred on the Minister of Home Affairs under the Independence Constitutional regime as regards dealing with applications and revocation of citizenship. 2.3.1 Cessation of citizenship In terms of cessation of citizenship, the 1973 Constitution largely retained the same grounds as the Independence Constitution. First, like its predecessor, citizenship under the 1973 could be expressly73 or impliedly74 renounced. Second, as regards automatic cessation, it repeated provisions under 65 Section 3 of the Citizenship of Zambia (Amendment) Act No. 17 of 1986 which deleted and substituted section 18 of the 1975 Act 66 Section 16(2) (d) of the Citizenship Act, 1975 67 Regulation 17 of the Citizenship of Zambia Regulations, Statutory Instrument Number 56 of 1977 68 Regulation 18(2) (a) of the Citizenship of Zambia Regulations, 1977 69 Regulation 18(2) (b) of the Citizenship of Zambia Regulations, 1977 70 Regulation 18(2) (c) of the Citizenship of Zambia Regulations, 1977 71 Per section 3 of the Citizenship Act 1975 72 Section 8 of the Citizenship Act, 1975 73 Section 19(1) of the Citizenship Act, 1975 74 Section 19(2) of the Citizenship Act, 1975 10 RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-CR 2020/14- © 2020 Author(s)