Detention during criminal proceedings. In all criminal cases reviewed, every defendant was under some form of restriction of movement. This ranged from travel restrictions, to home confinement and ankle monitoring, to full remand in custody. In most cases, bond was required, ranging from $5,000 to $250,000 and averaging $67,083.172 The only known national data available on bond amounts for all types of felony defendants is from 2009, which found that $10,000 was the median money bail.173 Judicial removal orders, which bypass the immigration system to expedite the removal of denaturalized individuals, were issued in 13 closed cases, with several requests pending in open cases. Case types174 As a conservative estimate, we conclude that over one-third of the cases, the highest percentage of any category identified, reflect the Operation Janus and Operation Second Look investigations. These operations are discussed in more detail in below. The Denaturalization Statutes This section provides an overview of the language and authoritative interpretation of two federal statutes authorizing denaturalization, accompanied by relevant findings from the Justice Initiative’s review of recent cases, to illustrate the basic mechanics of the law. Later sections will look in greater depth at the operation of these laws in practice, both historically and today. The chapter is structured this way due to the complexity of the denaturalization statutes and the lack of consistency in how they have been interpreted and applied, which has led to ambiguities and infirmities in the protections afforded against arbitrary denaturalization. The chapter then goes on to present newer, emerging concerns about how the Trump administration is approaching enforcement of immigration law through the denaturalization statutes. These concerns can be fully appreciated only with the benefit of a basic understanding of the mechanics and shortcomings of the statutes themselves. Naturalization and the Constitution U.S. citizenship is acquired either at birth or through naturalization.175 Naturalization is a discretionary immigration benefit obtained by application. Applicants for naturalization must meet strict requirements, including lawful admission, residency, presence in the United States, and good moral character.176 48 UNMAKING AMERICANS