TABLE OF CONTENTS A NOTE FROM THE AUTHOR .................................................................................................................. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Research objectives and scope ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 FINDINGS ................................................................................................................................................ 11 Women and girls face a disproportionate risk of hunger and starvation ................................................................................ 11 Women and girls are excluded from existing food distribution systems ................................................................................ 12 Women and girls experience intersectional risks and vulnerabilities ..................................................................................... 14 Women and girls face long-term physical and mental health impacts ................................................................................... 18 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................... 22 Systematic violations of international humanitarian law are harming women and children the most ............................ 22 Gender-responsive aid requires a professional and community-led humanitarian response .................................................... 22 The scale of mass casualty and forced displacement in Gaza creates a triple burden for women and girls ................. 23 Hunger and starvation compound grief and trauma, but they cannot extinguish hopes for the future ............................ 24 RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 26 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 28 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ 29 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 30

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