STATELESSNESS AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY Mozambique are still alive. They are not regarded as Tanzanian citizens by the Department of Immigration. Most do not have Mozambican documents. Although the Mozambican immigration authorities travelled to Zanzibar in 2015 to make documentation available on application, and several hundred did obtain Mozambican identity cards, the application fees of US$3 (TzSh 7,500) for an identity card and $65 (TzSh 143,000) for a passport were out of reach for many in this very poor community—especially for a document that would not give them many benefits where they in fact live. With a Mozambican document a person is eligible to apply for a residence permit, but such a permit costs several hundred dollars and is only valid for three months. Tanzania does not have a status of permanent resident.266 The descendants of those who migrated from Mozambique to Zanzibar will progressively be at greater risk of statelessness as they remain without documents from either country. Although Mozambican documents would assist, the solution that would recognise their integration in Zanzibari society and acquired rights in Zanzibar, is citizenship of Tanzania. The very high cost and elaborate procedures for naturalisation in Tanzania (see heading on access to naturalisation) place that process out of reach. In practice, some have ZanIDs, based on a letter of approval from the local sheha; but this document is only useful in Zanzibar itself. Long-term migrants and refugees, and their children There had been large-scale recruitment of labour to work on Tanganyikan plantations prior to independence, from both Portuguese (Mozambique) and Belgian (Ruanda-Urundi and Congo) territories, and to a lesser extent from Kenya and Uganda. Although the importation of labour from Mozambique had not been formalised, Britain and Belgium had established a recruitment system through the Sisal Labour Bureau (SILABU): more than 100,000 people a year were recruited to work through SILABU during the 1950s, though on a circular basis with many returning home.267 In addition, there was a small population of Kikuyus suspected of being Mau Mau sympathisers forcibly resettled by the British in Tanganyika (though others were deported from Tanganyika as suspected infiltrators).268 These migrants did not automatically become Tanganyikan on independence. Even if they came from two generations born in Tanganyika, those originating from Mozambique or the Belgian territories were not British protected persons, to whom this attribution applied.269 Those from British territories without two generations born in the country would have been included in the original provisions allowing access to the non-discretionary process of registration as a citizen, and from 1962 the law also provided for those originating from certain other African but non-Commonwealth countries (those where liberation struggles were under way) to register as Tanganyikan.270 In practice, as in Kenya, few if any migrants from other African states applied under these provisions; they were both less aware of the requirements and under less political threat by the approach of independence. It was estimated that 120,000 people were entitled to register as citizens under the temporary provisions. As of the deadline on 31 December 1963, only 12,178 people had registered as citizens, including only 77 Africans.271 In the decade following independence, in line with the agreement on free movement within the East African Community and Nyerere’s pan-African vision, the 1963 Immigration Act exempted “Africans” from listed 266 Interviews, Department of Immigration and Mozambican Consulate, Zanzibar, 18 July 2016. 267 Charlotte Lee Miller, “Who are the “permanent inhabitants” of the state? Citizenship policies and border controls in Tanzania, 1920-1980.” PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of Iowa, 2011. 268 There is little information about this group. A British former colonial official wrote for the Overseas Service Pensioners' Association about his experiences at a resettlement camp, available at: http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/resettlementmaumau.htm. 269 Although Tanganyika was a League of Nations Mandate and then UN Trust Territory, with therefore a different status from that of British protectorates such as Uganda, its own “natives” — while not formally British nationals — were still categorised as British protected persons for these purposes. 270 Tanganyika Citizenship Ordinance Amendment Act No. 69 of 1962. 271 Charlotte Lee Miller, “Who are the “permanent inhabitants” of the state? Citizenship policies and border controls in Tanzania, 1920-1980.” PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of Iowa, 2011, p. 141. UNHCR / September 2018 65