We thank IDinsight, especially Ronald Abraham and Elizabeth Bennett, for laying the groundwork and setting a high Making of the State of Aadhaar 2019 Report benchmark for this study through their prior work on State of Aadhaar between 2016 and 2018. Thank you for sharing your insights and experience. In preparation for this study, we consulted more than 30 experts and spoke with over 50 residents in 7 locations. We First and foremost, we are grateful to more than 167,000 residents in India who participated thank them for sharing their experiences to inform a holistic understanding of Aadhaar, offering views on what would in the surveys and human centred design (HCD) research for sharing their experience of make this report valuable to readers, reviewing initial versions of the questionnaire, helping us think through key Aadhaar during interviews. This report would not have been possible without the valuable analyses and supporting us with access to colleagues, research and field locations. contributions of many experts and advisors. Babu Ahamed Venkatesh Hariharan Ahita Paul We thank our Technical Panel for providing content and technical Dr P Ariokiasamy Dr Sanjay Jain Dr S Rajagopalan guidance through extensive reviews of our research design, Surya AV Renana Jhabvala Jairam Ramesh questionnaire, analyses and report drafts. Our thanks go to: Dr Sarbani Banerjee Belur Dr Mandira Kala Varun Santhosh Dr Bornali Bhandari Avani Kapur Arghya Sengupta Anjor Bhaskar Muhammad Ali Khan Ambrish Shahi Dr Sonalde Desai Dr Rinku Murgai Shrayana Bhattacharya Dr Reetika Khera Arun Sharma Professor, National Council of Applied Economic Lead Economist, Poverty and Equity Global Rajshekhar Budithi Dr Vijay Madan Amber Sinha Research (NCAER); Director NCAER-National Practice of the World Bank Srikanth Chandrasekaran Alex Menon Dr Sandip Sukhtankar Data Innovation Centre (NDIC); Dr Ashwini Chhattre Munir Mohammed Ankita Upreti Professor of Sociology, University of Maryland Dr Jean Drèze Dr Partha Mukhopadhyay Mahesh Vyas John van Dyck Nikhil Pahwa Dr Shamika Ravi Dr Pronab Sen Director of Research, Brookings India; Programme Director, International Growth Senior Fellow, Brookings India and Centre, India; former Chief Statistician of Brookings Institution; former member, India; former Secretary, Ministry of Statistics Economic Advisory Council to the & Programme Implementation, Prime Minister of India Government of India Residents of Jawhar, Shiroshi and Khured (Maharashtra), and Ranchi, Manika, Lahetar, and Rewat Khurd (Jharkhand) The making of the State of Aadhaar report 2019 ADVISORY PANEL Inputs from 30+ external experts TECHNICAL PANEL Advised on research questions Advised on research design & questionnaire We thank our Advisory Panel for helping us frame the report, identify Advised on framing Reviewed draft report the research questions and review report drafts. Our thanks go to: Reviewed draft report Yamini Aiyar Dr Subhashis Banerjee President and Chief Executive, Professor, Computer Science and Engineering, Centre for Policy Research Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Rahul Matthan Dr Anit N Mukherjee Partner and Head of the TMT practice Policy Fellow, Center for Global Development; with Trilegal Adjunct Fellow, Center for Strategic and PULSE SURVEY IN-DEPTH SURVEY HUMAN CENTRED DESIGN RESEARCH International Studies 147,000 households in 19,000 households in 100 in-depth interviews 28 States & Union Territories 17 States & Union Territories in 4 States Research Design & Questionnaire Survey Supervision Analyses & Report After the survey analysis Ananth Padmanabhan Dean Academic Affairs, Sai University; Visiting Fellow, Centre for Policy Research i ii