30 “Biharis,” Minority Rights Group, updated July 2018, https://minorityrights.org/minorities/biharis/. 31 “Situation Refugee Response in Bangladesh,” UNHCR, accessed February 26, 2021, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/myanmar_ refugees. 32 “Rohingya Refugee Crisis,” United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, September 21, 2017, https://www. unocha.org/rohingya-refugee-crisis. 33 Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit (RMMRU) v. Bangladesh (High Court judgment, May 31, 2017). 34 For a detailed examination of laws applicable to non-citizens which may afford protections to Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, see the joint Refugee Solidarity Network and Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust publication “Beyond Refuge: Advancing Legal Protections for Rohingya Communities in Bangladesh” (July 2021), available at https://refugeesolidaritynetwork.org/reports/beyondrefuge-advancing-legal-protections-for-rohingya-communities-in-bangladesh/. 35 RMMRU v. Bangladesh. 36 “The Most Unwanted: A Gripping Account of Rohingya Refugees Living in India,” The Indian Express, June 26, 2018, https:// indianexpress.com/article/india/the-most-unwanted-a-gripping-account-of-rohingya-refugees-living-in-india-4464103/; “Factsheet India - February 2016,” (UNHCR, February 2016), https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/50001ec69/indiafact-sheet. html. 37 “India: Govt to Identify, Arrest and Deport Illegal Rohingya Settlers,” Asian Correspondent, April 4, 2017, https://asiancorrespondent. com/2017/04/india-govt-identify-arrest-deport-illegal-rohingya-settlers/. 38 Ranabir Samaddar, “The NRC Process and the Spectre of Statelessness in India,” The Wire, October 25, 2018, https://thewire.in/ rights/the-spectre-of-statelessness-in-india. 39 “Operational Portal: Refugee Situations (Pakistan),” UNHCR, accessed October 29, 2019, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/pak. 40 “Indonesia Factsheet - December 2016,” UNHCR, December 2016, https://www.unhcr.org/id/wp-content/uploads/sites/42/2017/05/ Indonesia-Fact-Sheet-December-2016.pdf. 41 Indonesia Factsheet, UNHCR. 42 “Indonesia: Regulation of the President of the Republic of Indonesia No. 125 Year 2016 Concerning the Handling of Foreign Refugees,” (December 31, 2016), https://www.refworld.org/docid/58aeee374.html. 43 Presidential Decree No. 125 Year 2016. 44 “Indonesia Fact Sheet - December 2020,” UNHCR, December 2020, https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/UNHCR%20 Indonesia%20fact%20sheet%20-%20December%202020.pdf. 45 UNHCR, “Figures at a Glance in Malaysia.” 46 Reports of unregistered refugees vary greatly, cf. Adam Bemma, “One Rohingya’s Struggle to Empower Women in Malaysia,” Al Jazeera, November 29, 2017, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/rohingya-struggle-empower-women-malaysia-171129205523653. html; “Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees For the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’ Compilation Report - Universal Periodic Review: Malaysia (3rd Cycle, 31st Session),” (UNHCR, July 2018) https://www.refworld. org/docid/5b56f3067.html. 47 “Ending Statelessness in Malaysia,” UNHCR, accessed March 3, 2021. https://www.unhcr.org/en-my/ending-statelessness-inmalaysia.html. 48 UNHCR, “Figures at a Glance in Malaysia.” 49 Daniel Sullivan, “Still Adrift: Failure to Protect Rohingya in Malaysia and Thailand,” Refugees International, November 2016, https:// www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2016/rohingya; Deepa Nambiar, Country Expert Interview (February 2019). 50 This figure refers to individuals registered as refugees. UNHCR estimates nearly 600,000 “persons of concern” reside in the country. See UNHCR, “Thailand | Global Focus.” 51 Chotinukul, Jittawadee. “Thailand and the National Screening Mechanism: A Step Forward for Refugee Protection?” Global Migration Research Paper, The Graduate Institute Geneva Global Migration Centre (2020): 21. https://graduateinstitute.ch/sites/internet/ files/2020-09/Edited%20Paper_Thailand%20%26%20NSM_Final.pdf. 52  Community-Based Practitioner’s Guide: Documenting Citizenship and Other Forms of Legal Identity (Open Society Justice Initiative A and Namati), https://www.justiceinitiative.org/uploads/286c1989-73db-4a17-b5a8-79706ccce5e4/a-community-based-practitionersguide-documenting-citizenship-and-other-forms-of-legal-identity-20180627.pdf 53 “Every Child Deserves to Be Registered at Birth,” The Daily Star, August 28, 2021, https://www.thedailystar.net/views/editorial/news/ every-child-deserves-be-registered-birth-2162416. 54 See also “Bali Process Civil Registration Assessment Toolkit,” January 26, 2018, https://www.baliprocess.net/UserFiles/baliprocess/ File/Bali%20Process%20Civil%20Registration%20Assessment%20Toolkit%20FINAL.pdf. 55 See “Written replies of the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh to the list of issues (CRC/C/BGD/Q/5) prepared by the Committee on the Rights of the Child in connection with the consideration of the Fifth Periodic Report of Bangladesh (CRC/C/BGD/Q/5)”, https://mowca.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mowca.portal.gov.bd/page/6768565c_9b45_4aed_ b390_919a52462d6c/CRC_draft_final_15.6.2015_bn.pdf, 14 para 17. 56 Chalermpol Chamchan, Kanya Apipornchaisakul, and Phongsak Muensakda, “An Assessment of Access to Birth Registration among Migrant Children: The Quantitative Study” (Institute for Population and Social Research at Mahidol University, June 2021), https:// www.unicef.org/thailand/media/6456/file/BR%20Assessment.pdf, 55-56. 57 46  nly Equal In Name: The Human Rights of Stateless Rohingya in Thailand, Equal Rights Trusts, in partnership with the Institute of O Human Rights and Peace Studies Mahidol University, (London, October 2014), https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5444b7534.pdf. UND OING PRECARIT Y: ELE VATING P OSITIVE PR ACTICES FOR REFU GEE PROTECTION IN SO U TH AND SO U THE AST ASIA