Regional Cooperation Frameworks Tripartite Memorandum of Understanding between National Human Rights Commissions on Statelessness in Sabah National human rights institutions (NHRIs) vary in structure and function, which can be productive as well as counterproductive where they are restrained by limited mandates and limited institutional independence. While their positioning as a state institution makes it more difficult for governments to dismiss their recommendations, NHRIs are also more vulnerable to government pressures, and constrained by their resources and institutional location. MALAYSIA, INDONESIA, AND THE PHILIPPINES The NHRIs of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to strengthen efforts to address statelessness and the protection of the rights and welfare of stateless people in Sabah. The tripartite MOU followed a bilateral one, with the Philippines having previously being an observer due to the sensitivities around the territorial dispute between the Philippines and Malaysia over Sabah. Under the auspices of this MOU, the NHRIs of each country have organized joint dialogues on statelessness and issued a series of recommendations to the governments of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines.86 Active Country-Level Engagement in the Bali Process’ Civil Registration Toolkit Some members of the Bali Process, such as Pakistan and Thailand, have actively and voluntarily taken part in the Process’ assessment activities which seek to identify and alleviate gaps in national civil registration and vital statistics procedures. PAKISTAN Following from its engagement with the Bali Process’ Ministerial Conference on Civic Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS), the government of Pakistan has implemented a national CRVS coordination mechanism, completed a comprehensive assessment, and set national CRVS targets for 2024. Additionally, the government has begun planning for a voluntary inequality assessment to identify populations that are less able to access civil registration services.87 23 UND OING PRECARIT Y: ELE VATING P OSITIVE PR ACTICES FOR REFU GEE PROTECTION IN SO U TH AND SO U THE AST ASIA