TERMINOLOGY Refugee As defined in the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who, “owing to wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence is unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to return to it.”8 Other instruments of international law, such as the Cartagena Declaration on Refugees and the Organization of African Unity Refugee Convention, provide a broader definition, considering individuals fleeing generalized violence or conflict in their country as refugees. Throughout this document, the term “refugee” is used to include reference to any individual who has fled persecution or conflict and crossed an international boundary seeking international protection.9 Temporary Protection “Temporary protection” has been employed in varying forms around the world over a long period of time, and therefore no single definition is available.10 This report understands “temporary protection” as “an interim response to mass influx, providing safety while a durable solution is sought.”11 Temporary protection is premised on providing time-bound protective status and often granted via a group-based designation. 4 UND OING PRECARIT Y: ELE VATING P OSITIVE PR ACTICES FOR REFU GEE PROTECTION IN SO U TH AND SO U THE AST ASIA