ResilientAfrica Network, Makerere University School of Public Health, “Understanding the Benefits, Costs, and Challenges of the National Identification System in Uganda,” 38–39. 53 Auditor General, “A Value For Money Audit Report On The Identification And Registration Of Persons By The National Identification And Registration Authority (NIRA),” 4. 54 Hansard Parliamentary Debates (Uganda), March 11, 2020, 28 (“At Omei Health Centre II, the community wanted to beat the medical personnel because they were telling the parents not to bring their children again if they do not have national identity cards.”), URN, “Patients Denied Treatment in Buhehe over Lack of National IDs,” The Observer - Uganda, April 10, 2020, https://observer. ug/news/headlines/64207-patients-denied-treatmentin-buhehe-over-lack-of-national-ids; “National ID Errors Make Elderly Miss SAGE Cash,” Daily Monitor, July 11, 2020, https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/specialreports/national-id-errors-make-elderly-miss-sagecash-1899228. 55 Sam Waswa, “Rosemary Kisembo Takes Over as NIRA ED,” May 14, 2021, https://chimpreports.com/rosemarykisembo-takes-over-as-nira-ed/. 56 “Gov’t Might Take Another 8 Years before Registering All Ugandans.” The Independent Uganda, May 15, 2021. https://www.independent.co.ug/govt-might-takeanother-8-years-before-registering-all-ugandans/ 57 Kenneth Kazibwe. “NIRA to Phase out Current National IDs for Electronic Cards.” Nile Post, May 15, 2021. https:// nilepost.co.ug/2021/05/15/nira-to-phase-out-currentnational-ids-for-electronic-cards/. 58 World Bank, “Identification for Development (ID4D) Annual Report 2020,” 2021, 8. 59 Unwanted Witness, “Preliminary Report: Uganda’s Digital ID System: A Cocktail of Discrimination,” 2020. 60 For instance, Unwanted Witness has worked extensively on privacy and data protection concerns related to the national ID system in Uganda. Unwanted Witness, “Discriminated by the Digital Identity Ecosystem.,” Unwanted Witness (blog), July 29, 2019, https://www. unwantedwitness.org/discriminated-by-the-digitalidentity-ecosystem/; Unwanted Witness, “Unwanted Witness Condemns the Criminal Use of Citizens’ Bio Data & Calls on Gov’t to Formulate Safeguards to Protect Lives and Property.,” Unwanted Witness (blog), June 26, 2017, https://www.unwantedwitness.org/unwanted-witnesscondemns-the-criminal-use-of-citizens-bio-data-callson-govt-to-formulate-safeguards-to-protect-lives-andproperty/. 61 Evgeny Morozov, “Privacy Activists Are Winning Fights with Tech Giants. Why Does Victory Feel Hollow?,” The Guardian, May 15, 2021, Opinion, http://www. theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/may/15/privacyactivists-fight-big-tech. 62 The districts we visited were Nebbi and Amudat in Northern Uganda, Busia and Namayingo in Eastern Uganda, Buliisa in Western Uganda, and Kayunga in Central Uganda. These districts were selected based on the following criteria: geographic diversity, incidence of poverty, history of the SCG, and existing evidence of exclusion. 63 A full list of resources consulted is included in the Bibliography. 64 Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs, “Report of the Committee of Defence and Internal Affairs on the Registration of Persons Bill, 2014 (Including Minority Report),” December 2014, 7–8. 65 Emrys Schoemaker et al., “Identity at the Margins: Data Justice and Refugee Experiences with Digital Identity Systems in Lebanon, Jordan, and Uganda,” Information Technology for Development, July 1, 2020, 8–9, https://doi. org/10.1080/02681102.2020.1785826. 52 80 Chased Away and Left to Die 66 A more detailed overview of the history of Ndaga Muntu is included in Section 3. This registration drive was portrayed as compulsory for all citizens of Uganda. 67 Among the recommendations from a diagnostic conducted by the World Bank’s Identification for Development team was the need to transition away from a campaign-based model to a continuous operating model. World Bank, “ID4D Diagnostic Report: Uganda,” 41. 68 Uganda has a devolved government structure that was established in the 1995 Constitution and defined the Local Government Act of 1997, as amended. Electoral Commission, “Electoral Commission Statistics,” accessed May 30, 2021, https://www.ec.or.ug/electoralcommission-statistics. 69 ResilientAfrica Network, Makerere University School of Public Health, “Understanding the Benefits, Costs, and Challenges of the National Identification System in Uganda,” 8. 70 41.7% of Ugandans live under the international extreme poverty line of 2,510.4 UGX or US$1.90 per capita per day, and 87.8% of the population lives under the Upper Middle Class Poverty Line of 7,266.9 UGX or US$5.50 per day per capita. World Bank, “Poverty & Equity Brief: Uganda,” 1. 71 Uganda Bureau of Statistics and ICF, “Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016,” 29. 72 Uganda Bureau of Statistics, “2020 Statistical Abstract,” 2020, 35, http://library.health.go.ug/sites/default/files/ resources/UBOS%20Statistical%20Abstract%202020. pdf. 73 World Bank, “Project Paper on a Proposed Additional Credit in the Amount of SDR 10 Million (US$15.0 Million Equivalent) to the Republic of Uganda for an Additional Financing for Uganda Reproductive, Maternal and Child Heath Services Improvement Project,” 11. 74 Hansard Parliamentary Debates (Uganda), March 11, 2020, 22. 75 Sandrine Perrot and Gerald Owachi, “L’enregistrement biométrique des « autres »,” Geneses n° 113, no. 4 (December 12, 2018): 122–43; Bamuturaki Musinguzi, “Maragoli Minority Group to Be Recognised Soon,” Daily Monitor, April 11, 2021, https://www.monitor.co.ug/ uganda/news/national/maragoli-minority-group-to-berecognised-soon-3358160. 76 National Identification and Registration Authority (NIRA), “FAQs,” NIRA, accessed April 24, 2021, 4/24/2021. 77 The Internal Security Organization (ISO) is Uganda’s counter-intelligence organization and is formally part of the Ugandan People’s Defence Force. This consists of GISO’s at the sub-county level, as well as District Internal Security Officer’s (DISO) at the District level. 78 41.7% of Ugandans live under the international poverty line of 2,510.4 UGX or US$1.90 per capita per day, and 87.8% of the population lives under the Upper Middle Class Poverty Line of 7,266.9 UGX or US$5.50 per day per capita. World Bank, “Poverty & Equity Brief: Uganda,” 1. 79 Committee on Gender, Labour and Social Development, “Report of the Committee on Gender, Labour and Social Development on the Social Assistance Grant for Empowerment Scheme (SAGE),” November 2018, 2. Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development, “Progress Update on the Preparations for the Roll out of Senior Citizens Grant to All Districts,” December 2019. 80 Committee on Gender, Labour and Social Development, “Report of the Committee on Gender, Labour and Social Development on the Social Assistance Grant for Empowerment Scheme (SAGE),” 2. 81 Committee on Gender, Labour and Social Development, 18. 82 Stephen Kidd, “Uganda’s Senior Citizens’ Grant: A Success Story from the Heart of Africa,” 2017, https://