See Aaron Martin and Linnet Taylor, “Exclusion and Inclusion in Identification: Regulation, Displacement and Data Justice,” Information Technology for Development 27, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 50–66, https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02681102.2020.1811943; Bernard Busuulwa, “Uganda SIM Card Registration Woes,” The East African, June 4, 2019, https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/ uganda-sim-card-registration-woes-1419422. 25 Hon. Deputy Attorney General, “Statement to Parliament on Alleged Consideration by the Electoral Commission No to Nominate Persons Whose Names on the National Identification Cards Differ from Those on Their Academic Transcripts,” October 2020. 26 Bank of Uganda, “Information Required on Each Depositor (Single Customer View),” 2019, https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/ search?q=cache:Ei3RhPtF0BcJ:https://archive. bou.or.ug/archive/opencms/bou/bou-downloads/ supervision/Circulars_and_Guidance_Notes/2019/ All/DPF_Single-customer-view-guidelines-1. docx+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk. 27 Parliament of Uganda, “Registration of Persons Act 2015” (2015), sec. 68(2). 28 National Planning Authority, “Second National Development Plan (NDPII) 2015/16–2019/20,” June 2015, 335. 29 United Nations, “Goal 16: Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform,” accessed February 10, 2020, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg16. 30 This was first raised in a series of articles in the Lancet and was called ‘a scandal of invisibility’, which was seen as a barrier to understanding whether development funding was working to reduce poverty. Philip W. Setel et al., “A Scandal of Invisibility: Making Everyone Count by Counting Everyone,” Lancet 370, no. 9598 (November 3, 2007): 1569–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(07)61307-5. Another article in the series highlighted particularly the absence of health statistics in Africa. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Philip Osafo-Kwaako, “Improving Health Statistics in Africa,” Lancet (London, England) 370, no. 9598 (November 3, 2007): 1527–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61644-4. 31 Vijayanti Desai, Anna Diofasi, and Jing Lu, “The Global Identification Challenge: Who Are the 1 Billion People without Proof of Identity?,” World Bank Blogs, accessed January 2, 2020, https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/ global-identification-challenge-who-are-1-billionpeople-without-proof-identity. 32 The ID4D data set looks at both birth registration and national ID. World Bank, “ID4D Global Data Set 2017,” 2017. 33 World Bank, “Principles on Identification for Sustainable Development Toward the Digital Age Second Edition,” 2021, 5–6, http://documents1.worldbank.org/ curated/en/213581486378184357/pdf/Principles-onIdentification-for-Sustainable-Development-Towardthe-Digital-Age-Second-Edition.pdf. 34 World Bank, “ID4D Diagnostic Report: Uganda,” 6. 35 World Bank, “ID4D Diagnostic Report: Uganda,” 6. 36 The lead author, Drs. Jaap van der Straaten, MBA, of the Civil Registration Centre for Development, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, stated to us that he does not take responsibility for the substantially altered and abridged text of the present public World Bank diagnostic, which he has stated to us is very different from the original draft he submitted. 37 A major proponent of digital ID systems is the ID4Africa initiative, which regularly brings together government officials and private technology vendors, and has hosted representatives of NIRA on its panels. ID4Africa, “ID4Africa Ambassadors Program,” accessed January 2, 2020, https://www.id4africa-ambassadors. org/about. 24 Calum Handforth and Matthew Wilson, “Digital Identity Country Profile: Uganda,” 17. 39 Ken Okong’o, “Reimagining Identity Ecosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa with Mobile: The Case of Benin, Ghana, Kenya and Uganda,” 31, https://www.gsma.com/ mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ Reimagining-identity-ecosystems-in-Sub-SaharanAfrica-with-mobile.pdf. 40 Paul Bukuluki and Carol Watson, “Transforming Cash Transfers: Beneficiary and Community Perspectives on the Senior Citizen Grant (SCG) in Uganda,” December 2012, 30, https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/8247. pdf. 41 CEO Reporter, “Poor Performance and Funds Mismanagement; Is This Why President Museveni Fired NIRA Boss, Judy Obitre Gama,” CEO East Africa, June 6, 2020, https://www.ceo.co.ug/poor-performanceand-funds-mismanagement-is-this-why-presidentmuseveni-fired-nira-boss-judy-obitre-gama/. 42 The 2014 Census found that only 28% of adults were in possession of a birth certificate. 43 The Independent, “Gov’t Might Take Another 8 Years before Registering All Ugandans,” The Independent Uganda, May 15, 2021, sec. NEWS, https://www. independent.co.ug/govt-might-take-another-8-yearsbefore-registering-all-ugandans/. 44 World Bank, “Project Paper on a Proposed Additional Credit in the Amount of SDR 10 Million (US$15.0 Million Equivalent) to the Republic of Uganda for an Additional Financing for Uganda Reproductive, Maternal and Child Heath Services Improvement Project,” November 9, 2020, 33, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ en/965231605199627041/pdf/Uganda-ReproductiveMaternal-and-Child-Health-Services-ImprovementProject-Additional-Financing.pdf. 45 Death registration was estimated to be around 24% in 2016, but this number has likely gone down in the past five years. Uganda Bureau of Statistics and ICF, “Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016,” January 2018, 44, https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR333/FR333.pdf. 46 United Nations, “Global Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and Targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” (New York, NY: United Nations, June 2017), 22, https://doi.org/10.1891 /9780826190123.0013. 47 For a discussion of the differences between documentary and biometric systems, see Séverine Awenengo Dalberto and Richard Banégas, Identification and Citizenship in Africa: Biometrics, the Documentary State and Bureaucratic Writings of the Self, ed. Séverine Awenengo Dalberto and Richard Banégas, (New York : Routledge, 2021), https:// doi.org/10.4324/9781003053293. 48 This figure was derived from an analysis of the Annual Budget Performance Reports from MOFPED. The figure for the National ID system includes a) Actual expenditure on the NSIS Project from FY 2009/10–FY 2016/17, and b) Actual expenditure on NIRA after it had been allocated a vote in the consolidated budget process in FY 2017/18. More information on this calculation can be found in Annex 1. 49 This figure includes the actual expenditure under the Vote for the MGLSD (Vote 018) from FY2009/10– FY2019/20. More information on this calculation can be found in Annex 1. 50 World Bank, “Project Paper on a Proposed Additional Credit in the Amount of SDR 10 Million (US$15.0 Million Equivalent) to the Republic of Uganda for an Additional Financing for Uganda Reproductive, Maternal and Child Heath Services Improvement Project,” 10, 11. 51 World Bank, “Who Is Involved | Identification for Development,” Identification for Development, accessed May 31, 2021, https://id4d.worldbank.org/who-isinvolved. 38 How a National Security Approach to Uganda’s National Digital ID Has Led to Wholesale Exclusion of Women and Older Persons 79