16 1 NO CHILD SHOULD BE STATELESS ENDNOTES 1 UN (1954) Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons: https:// www.unhcr.org/ibelong/wp-content/uploads/1954-Convention-relating-tothe-Status-of-Stateless-Persons_ENG.pdf 2 3 4 20 ENS (2016) What does it mean to be stateless?: https://www.statelessness. eu/sites/www.statelessness.eu/files/attachments/resources/ENS-What_ does_it_mean_to_be_Stateless.pdf Syria, Iraq, Iran Venezuala. Eurostat First-time Asylum Applicants in the EU-28 by citizenship, Q3 2018 – Q3 2019: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ statistics-explained/index.php/Asylum_quarterly_report#Where_do_ asylum_applicants_come_from.3F 21 ENS & ISI (2019) Addressing Statelessness in Europe’s Refugee Response, p.4: https://statelessjourneys.org/wp-content/uploads/StatelessJourneysAddressing_statelessness_in_Europ_refugee_response-FINAL.pdf For a list of countries with gender discriminatory nationality laws, see the Global Campaign for Equal Nationality Rights: https://equalnationalityrights. org/ 22 Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme, Conclusion on Children at Risk No. 107 (LVIII) - 2007, 5 October 2007, No. 107 (LVIII), available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/471897232.html Gábor Gyulai (2017) The Long-Overlooked Mystery of Refugee Children’s Nationality in ISI’s The World’s Stateless Children pp 241 -247: http://children. worldsstateless.org/assets/files/worlds-stateless-full-report.pdf 23 Zahra Albarazi and Dr. Laura van Waas, Tilburg University & Norwegian Refugee Council (2016) Statelessness and Displacement Scoping Paper. Available from: https://www.nrc.no/resources/reports/statelessness-anddisplacement/ 24 ENS and ISI (2019) Statelessness in Iran Country Position Paper: https:// statelessjourneys.org/resources/statelessness-in-iran/ 25 See reference 12 Jyothi Kanics (2019) Preventing statelessness: ensuring migrant and refugee children’s right to acquire a nationality. Asyl 2/19 S. 10. 5 This paper defines ‘European states’ as the 47 Member States of the Council of Europe 6 For more information on barriers to birth registration, see the Prevention and Reduction section of ENS’ Statelessness Index: https://index. statelessness.eu/themes/prevention-and-reduction 7 EMN (2020) Statelessness in the EU: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/ sites/homeaffairs/files/00_eu_inform_statelessness_en.pdf 26 8 European Parliament resolution of 26 November 2019 on children’s rights on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (2019/2876(RSP)): https://www.europarl.europa.eu/ doceo/document/TA-9-2019-0066_EN.pdf 27 EMN (2020) Statelessness in the EU: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/ sites/homeaffairs/files/00_eu_inform_statelessness_en.pdf 28 NELFA, Freedom of movement in the European Union: Obstacles, cases, lawsuits…: http://nelfa.org/inprogress/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NELFAfomcasesdoc-2019-1.pdf 29 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 30 ibid 31 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child Articles (2) and (3) 32 Jyothi Kanics Migration (2017) Migration, Forced Displacement, and Childhood Statelessness in ISI’s The World’s Stateless Children pp 209223: http://children.worldsstateless.org/3/migration-displacement-andchildhood-statelessness/migration-forced-displacement-and-childhoodstatelessness.html 33 UNICEF A Passport to Protection: A Guide to Birth Registration Programming https://www.refworld.org/docid/52b2e2bd4.html 34 UNHCR Good Practices Paper - Action 7: Ensuring birth registration for the prevention of statelessness https://www.refworld.org/docid/5a0ac8f94. html 35 For country-specific reports of barriers to birth registration, see the Prevention and Reduction section of ENS’ Statelessness Index: https:// index.statelessness.eu/themes/prevention-and-reduction 36 EMN (2020) Statelessness in the EU: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/ sites/homeaffairs/files/00_eu_inform_statelessness_en.pdf 37 Latvia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Ukraine, Germany, Norway and Belgium all demonstrate barriers to birth registration and issuance of birth certificates for children in migration. For more information see: https:// index.statelessness.eu/; Gerbig, Stephan (2019) No Papers – No Birth Certificate? Recommendations for Registering Children of Refugees Born in Germany. German Institute for Human Rights: https://www.ssoar.info/ ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/64394/ssoar-2019-gerbig-No_papers_-_ no_birth.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-2019-gerbigNo_papers_-_no_birth.pdf 38 See the Statelessness Index (https://index.statelessness.eu/) and forthcoming ENS briefing on birth registration for information on which countries charge fees or punitive fines for birth registration and requirements for civil registration and health officials to report irregular migrants to immigration authoritie 9 https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2019/every-child-every-right 10 For more information on the EMN Statelessness Platform, visit: https:// ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_ network/expert-groups_en/platform-statelessness_en 11 EU Action Plan on Human Rights and Democracy (2015-2019): https:// www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/publications/euaction-plan-on-human-rights-democracy/ 12 UNICEF & UNHCR (2019) Ending childhood statelessness in Europe: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/5c63e7864.pdf 13 Lilana Keith, PICUM (2017), Blog Risk of Statelessness for Children of Undocumented Parents in Europe: https://picum.org/risks-statelessnesschildren-undocumented-parents-europe/ 14 Eurostat First-time Asylum Applicants in the EU-28 by citizenship, Q3 2018 – Q3 2019: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/ Asylum_quarterly_report#Where_do_asylum_applicants_come_from.3F 15 For more information on populations affected by statelessness in Syria, see ENS & ISI (2019), Statelessness in Syria Country Position Paper: https://statelessjourneys.org/wp-content/uploads/StatelessJourneys-SyriaAugust-2019.pdf 16 For more information on populations affected by statelessness in Iraq, see ENS & ISI (2019), Statelessness in Iraq Country Position Paper: https:// statelessjourneys.org/wp-content/uploads/StatelessJourneys-Iraq-final.pdf 17 For more information on populations affected by statelessness in Iran, see ENS & ISI (2019), Statelessness in Iran Country Position Paper: https:// statelessjourneys.org/resources/statelessness-in-iran/ 18 For more information on populations affected by statelessness in Myanmar, see ENS & ISI (2019), Statelessness in Iran Country Position Paper: https:// statelessjourneys.org/resources/statelessness-in-myanmar/ 19 For more information on populations affected by statelessness in Myanmar, see ENS & ISI (2019), Statelessness in Kuwait Country Position Paper: https://statelessjourneys.org/resources/statelessness-in-kuwait/