BMJ Global Health Bhatia A, et al. BMJ Global Health 2019;4:e001926. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001926 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 for the African programme for the accelerated improvement of civil registration and vital statistics 2017. Suthar AB, Khalifa A, Yin S, et al. Evaluation of approaches to strengthen civil registration and vital statistics systems: a systematic review and synthesis of policies in 25 countries. PLoS Med 2019;16:e1002929. Krieger N. Who and what is a "population"? Historical debates, current controversies, and implications for understanding "population health" and rectifying health inequities. Milbank Q 2012;90:634–81. Restrepo-­Méndez MC, Barros AJD, Black RE, et al. Time trends in socio-­economic inequalities in stunting prevalence: analyses of repeated national surveys. Public Health Nutr 2015;18:2097–104. Restrepo-­Méndez MC, Barros AJD, Requejo J, et al. Progress in reducing inequalities in reproductive, maternal, newborn,' and child health in Latin America and the Caribbean: an unfinished agenda. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2015;38:9–16. Restrepo-­Méndez MC, Barros AJ, Wong KL, et al. Inequalities in full immunization coverage: trends in low- and middle-­income countries. Bull World Health Organ 2016;94:794–805. Alkenbrack S, Chaitkin M, Zeng W, et al. Did equity of reproductive and maternal health service coverage increase during the mdg era? an analysis of trends and determinants across 74 low- and middle-­ income countries. PLoS One 2015;10:e0134905. Hosseinpoor AR, Bergen N, Schlotheuber A. Promoting health equity: who health inequality monitoring at global and national levels. Glob Health Action 2015;8:29034. CSDH WHO. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. final report of the Commission on social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008. Hosseinpoor AR, Bergen N, Schlotheuber A, et al. National health inequality monitoring: current challenges and opportunities. Glob Health Action 2018;11:70–4. Phillips DE, Lozano R, Naghavi M, et al. A composite metric for assessing data on mortality and causes of death: the vital statistics performance index. Popul Health Metr 2014;12:14. 13 BMJ Global Health: first published as 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001926 on 16 December 2019. Downloaded from https://gh.bmj.com on 21 July 2025 by guest. Protected by copyright, including for uses related to text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. 45 Chen JT, Beckfield J, Waterman PD, et al. Can changes in the distributions of and associations between education and income bias temporal comparisons of health disparities? an exploration with causal graphs and simulations. Am J Epidemiol 2013;177:870–81. 46 Hosseinpoor AR, Bergen N. Health Inequality Monitoring: A Practical Application of Population Health Monitoring. In: Verschuuren M, van Oers H, eds. Population health monitoring: climbing the information pyramid. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019: 151–73. 47 WHO. Handbook on health inequality monitoring: with a special focus on low-­and middle-­income countries. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013. 48 Victora CG, Joseph G, Silva ICM, et al. The inverse equity hypothesis: analyses of institutional deliveries in 286 national surveys. Am J Public Health 2018;108:464–71. 49 Krieger N, Fee E. Measuring social inequalities in health in the United States: a historical review, 1900-1950. Int J Health Serv 1996;26:391–418. 50 Shapiro S. Development of birth registration and birth statistics in the United States. Popul Stud 1950;4:86–111. 51 Hetzel AM. History and organization of the vital statistics system 1950;1:1–19. 52 Muzzi M. Good practices in integrating birth registration into health systems (2000–2009); case studies. Bangladesh, Brazil, the Gambia and Delhi, India New York: UNICEF, 2010. 53 Plan International. Innovations in birth registration. Woking: Plan International, 2017. 54 World Bank. Incentives for improving birth registration coverage: a review of the literature. Washington, DC: World Bank License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO (CC BY 3.0 IGO), 2016. 55 Hunter W, Brill R. “Documents, Please”: Advances in Social Protection and Birth Certification in the Developing World. World Politics 2016;68:191–228. 56 CRVS Knowledge Gateway. Developing an enterprise architecture and business process mapping for CRVS systems. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 2018. https://​crvsgateway.​info/​Developing-​ an-​enterprise-​architecture-​and-​business-​process-​mapping-​for-​ CRVS-​systems~​432 57 Plan International and Jembi Health Systems. Civil registration and vital statistics Digitisation Guidebook African development bank