CHAPTER I CHAPTER II Under-age work in order to survive; for older children and young adults, limited or no access to lawful employment or careers that require nationality and/or identity documentation Child marriage (especially of girls), sometimes in order to seek security for the child and/or family CHAPTER III Trafficking, exploitation, forced recruitment into armed groups, sexual abuse and other harms Limited or no access to justice Forced displacement (internal or international), especially in contexts of mass arbitrary deprivation or denial of nationality CHAPTER IV Loss of culture, language, or identity (often linked to forced displacement) Inability to travel lawfully across borders, denial of educational and other opportunities, and in some contexts, risks related to staying in unsafe areas Family separation CHAPTER V Inability of stateless parents to officially marry, with impacts for children Inability of stateless parents to own property, access bank accounts and other financial institutions, or take lawful employment, leaving children in poverty and insecurity CHAPTER VI Inability of stateless parents and older children (where eligible) to participate fully in democratic processes such as voting, leaving them disadvantaged Social/political tensions or armed conflict relating to statelessness, sometimes leading to displacement, instability and psychological and/or physical harm CHAPTER VII Arbitrary harassment by police, arrest and detention, sometimes for lengthy periods and/or on multiple occasions51 51 See e.g., Background Note on Sex Discrimination in Birth Registration, UNHCR, UNICEF, 6 July 2021; UNHCR, I Am Here, I Belong; OSCE and UNHCR, Handbook on Statelessness in the OSCE Area; The Child’s Right to a Nationality and Childhood statelessness: Texts and Materials, UNICEF, ISI, 2020. ANNEXES 25 RECOMMENDATIONS All or most of these harms are avoidable, and the seriousness of the consequences of childhood statelessness should motivate OSCE participating States to adopt good practices to prevent and address childhood statelessness as a matter of urgency.