When States Take Rights Back this, as statelessness is a legal outcome of denationalisation in the UK, it ‘is not something that the British Deprivation Team cares about’ when considering to deprive someone of their citizenship on the basis of fraud. 42 Both cases show that there are specific groups of individuals that are targeted: asylum seekers and illegal immigrants in the UK, and African migrants in France. 43 Thus, Fargues observes ‘[t]he idea that suspected fraudsters should be more strictly controlled and, if found guilty, sanctioned has driven policy changes on both sides of the Channel’. 44 Overall, they highlight that the notion of citizenship is seen as ‘a reward or privilege for those who have shown themselves deserving’. 45 Consequently, ‘[c]itizenship is conceived by those who put it into practice (officials and judges) as a mechanism for the moralisation and responsibilisation of applicants’. 46 Responsibilities, fear of being denationalised and ‘virtuous behaviour’ 47 are all key components of naturalisation and thus, inclusion. According to Fargues [t]his implies that the political subject produced by citizenship deprivation policies is not a liberal and abstract legal subject, but that it aims instead to create a virtuous and responsible subject in the spirit of citizenship renationalisation. 48 However, it is also only the naturalised citizen who is scrutinised, while the mono-national’s place — the ‘essential’ citizen — and their place is never doubted. The role of allegiance and loyalty is addressed by Helen Irving in the seventh chapter. In light of the 2015 amendment to the Australian Citizenship Act 2007, she outlines the rise and fall of allegiance throughout Australian history and emphasises that allegiance itself remains ‘unclear and elusive’ in its conceptualisation and understanding. 49 Irving emphasises the importance of allegiance being singular and not ‘split’ between two citizenships. Thus, although dual citizenship is increasingly accepted, it remains a critical point of interest. For example, instances of Islamic ‘allegiance’ 50 and the resignation of members of parliament with dual citizenship, 51 are two instances of allegiance to Australia being questioned. Consequently, Irving highlights that allegiance in the Australian Constitution is linked to foreign citizenship. 52 The renewed emphasis on allegiance in current global debates on denationalisation results in negative effects, not just for those wanting to become citizens, but also for those who are citizens, especially those with a foreign connection, resulting in the ‘suspicion of fellow 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 ibid 83. ibid 80–81. ibid 81. ibid 84. ibid 87. ibid 85. ibid 87. Helen Irving, ‘The concept of allegiance in citizenship law and revocation: an Australian study’ in Émilien Fargues, Elke Winter and Matthew J Gibney (eds), When States Take Rights Back: Citizenship Revocation and its Discontents (Routledge 2020) 93, 95. ibid 100. Paul Karp, ‘Dual Citizenship Crisis: Four MPs resign after Court Rules Katy Gallagher Ineligible’, The Guardian (online, 9 May 2018) <https://www.theguardian.com/australianews/2018/may/09/dual-citizenship-high-court-rules-labor-senator-katy-gallagherineligible>. Irving (n 49) 100, citing Constitution of Australia, s 42. 173