T H E G L O B A L S TAT E O F C I T I Z E N S H I P
Table of content
Executive summary 1
Of ‘good character’ 19
1. Citizenship around the World in 2024
4
Language and integration
19
Birthright citizenship 4
Range of integration requirements
for ordinary naturalisation
21
Economic self-sufficiency
22
Beyond birthright 8
Renouncing foreign ties
23
Increasing acceptance
of multiple citizenship
Bringing it all together
24
4. Security of status
25
What is citizenship stripping?
25
Global patterns of citizenship stripping
26
Why the US has territorial birthright
citizenship 7
9
2. Gender equality 11
Birthright citizenship acquisition
12
Surrogacy is a “universal crime” in Italy
13
Service in a foreign army
or other service 27
Marriage-based acquisition
of citizenship 14
Sex discrimination in a global context
Disloyalty, state security, or other
offences 27
14
Global Campaigns for Equal Nationality
Rights 15
Citizenship stripping: A violation
of international standards?
Beyond the law
Recent changes 28
16
3. Immigrant inclusion 17
Principles on Deprivation of Nationality
as a National Security Measure
Diverging pathways to citizenship
for immigrants 17
27
30
Reference 31
Residence requirement 18
About the Global Citizenship Observatory (GLOBALCIT)
GLOBALCIT is a global research network committed to fact-based and non-partisan analysis of citizenship
laws and electoral rights around the world. We are based at the European University Institute as part of the
Global Governance Programme at the Robert Schuman Centre. The four Co-Directors of GLOBALCIT are
Rainer Bauböck, Jelena Džankić, Jo Shaw and Maarten Vink.
GLOBALCIT publishes databases, analyses, indicators and debates on citizenship status and electoral rights.
It relies on a large international network of country experts who write country reports, collect legal documents,
and, together with our regional coordinators, provide input for our comparative databases. Its user-friendly
interactive tools enable the comparison of data across countries and over time.
GLOBALCIT is supported by the Global Governance Programme at the European University Institute, as
well as by a research grant from the British Academy. GLOBACIT continuously explores partnerships with
international organisations and research institutes that contribute to our goal of promoting research on citizenship around the globe.
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