T H E G L O B A L S TAT E O F C I T I Z E N S H I P Section 2 Arrighi, J.T., Bauböck, R., Hutcheson, D., Ostling, A., and Piccoli, L. (2019). Conditions for Electoral Rights 2019. European University Institute. https://globalcit.eu/conditions-for-electoral-rights/. Kassam, A. (2023). ‘Orphaned by decree’: Italy’s same-sex parents react to losing their rights. The Guardian. https://www. theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/21/orphaned-by-decree-italy-same-sex-parents-react-losing-rights. Mantha-Hollands, A. (2024). Italy’s new surrogacy law could leave children at the risk of statelessness. Global Citizenship Observatory. https://globalcit.eu/italys-new-surrogacy-law-could-leave-children-at-the-risk-of-statelessness/. Bettiza, S. (2023). ‘The state says our kids don’t exist’ - how LGBT life is changing in Italy. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/ news/world-europe-66860266. Equaldex (2025). Same-sex marriage. https://www.equaldex.com/issue/marriage. United Nations (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. https://www.ohchr. org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women. Section 3 Gathmann, C., and Garbers, J. (2023). Citizenship and integration. Labour Economics, 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. labeco.2023.102343. OECD (2011). Naturalisation: A Passport for the Better Integration of Immigrants? OECD Publishing. https://doi. org/10.1787/9789264099104-en. Carrera, S. (2009). In search of the perfect citizen? The intersection between integration, immigration and nationality in the EU. Brill. https://brill.com/display/title/16669. Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D., and Pietrantuono, G. (2017). Catalyst or crown: Does naturalization promote the long-term social integration of immigrants? American Political Science Review, 111(2). https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0003055416000745. Bliersbach, H. (2022). Future citizens between interest and ability: A systematic literature review of the naturalization and crimmigration scholarship. Ethnicities, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968221143771. Huddleston, T. (2013). The naturalisation procedure: measuring the ordinary obstacles and opportunities for immigrants to become citizens. [GLOBALCIT] EUDO Citizenship Observatory EUI RSCAS PP 2013/16. https://hdl.handle. net/1814/28122. Solano, G., and Huddleston, T. (2020). Migrant integration policy index: Access to Nationality. Migration Policy Group. https://mipex.eu/access-nationality. Balch, A., Corrigan, M., Gysen, S., Kuijper, H., Perlmann-Balme, M., Roppe, S., and Zeidler, B. (2008). Language tests for social cohesion and citizenship - An outline for policymakers. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016802fc1b9. UNESCO (2025). Global citizenship and peace education: Beyond borders and differences: an education that connects us all and expands horizons. https://www.unesco.org/en/global-citizenship-peace-education. Certificado Inicial de Português Língua Estrangeira (CIPLE) (2025). Language Requirements for Nationality Applications in the EU: A Comparative Analysis. https://ciple.org/en/language-requirements-for-nationality-applications-in-the-eu-a-comparative-analysis/. Sredanovic, D. (2024). Standardised integration requirements for naturalisation: less rights and less discretion? A qualitative meta-analysis of ethnographic studies of naturalisation procedures in Europe. Comparative Migration Studies, 12(33). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-024-00391-2. Stadlmair, J. (2018). Earning citizenship. Economic criteria for naturalisation in nine EU countries. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2018.1437025. Huddleston, T. (2020). Naturalisation in context: how nationality laws and procedures shape immigrants’ interest and ability to acquire nationality in six European countries. Comparative Migration Studies, 8(18). https://doi.org/10.1186/ s40878-020-00176-3. 32

Select target paragraph3