T H E G L O B A L S TAT E O F C I T I Z E N S H I P ship, which would not be the case if the child were born to a non-citizen mother with the same qualifications. This is known as a double ius soli provision, and in these two countries, this provision exists with a differentiation based on the sex of the parent. In Tunisia, there is a similar provision where the grandfather of the child must also be born in the country (triple ius soli). couple to adopt a child, and there are even more countries where a non-biological same-sex parent cannot be legally recognised as a parent. The regulations that prevent the recognition of same-sex parenthood or adoption are often not in the citizenship law itself but in the state’s family law and parental recognition guidelines, which affect the child’s access to citizenship. For example, in Italy, same-sex couples cannot be registered as parents and thus, cannot transmit citizenship Children born to same-sex couples face further challenges. automatically to a child if they are the non-biological parent. In 45 countries across the globe, it is illegal for a same-sex D I D YO U K N OW ? in the acquisition of Italian citizenship. Moreover, couples travelling abroad to have a baby through an international surrogacy arrangement could face up to two years in jail and a fine of one million euros. This law disproportionately affects same-sex couples who do not have the right to adopt in Italy. This case shows how adjacent laws and policies can affect equality in the acquisition of citizenship. Surrogacy is a “universal crime” in Italy In October 2024, Italy passed a law that would make surrogacy a “universal crime,” leaving children born through this modality at risk of statelessness. Italian municipalities have been directed not to register children born through surrogacy, which is a crucial step 2.3 MARRIAGE-BASED CITIZENSHIP ACQUISITION Share and number of countries with type of provision providing facilitated access to citizenship for spouses of citizens | 191 countries | 2024 Generally applicable 66% Gender restriction: only for female spouse of male citizen 17% Gender restriction: only for male spouse of female citizen 1% 1 Gender differentiation (residence requirement differs by gender) 5% 10 Group restriction 1% 1 No provision 10% 127 32 20 Share and number of countries Source: GLOBALCIT Citizenship Law Dataset, v3, mode A08 13