Dual Citizenship in the European Union: trends and analysis (2010-2020) the update for 2020 of the GLOBALCIT Global Database on Modes of Acquisition of Citizenship.13 If the necessary data could not be derived from this dataset, domestic citizenship legislation of that particular state was assessed, which is referred to in a footnote. The overview mainly focuses on dual citizenship provisions for ordinary residence-based naturalisation (A06) and exceptions to the main rule for this mode are briefly summarised. In addition to that, other modes of acquisition of citizenship not related to acquisition at birth (A05, A07-A27) are also included in order to provide a comprehensive overview. If acquisition of citizenship under any of these particular modes requires renunciation of the original citizenship, this is marked as ‘Renunciation’ or ‘Renunciation – exceptions’. A more detailed overview of applicable exceptions will be provided in Section 3. If no renunciation is required for acquisition of citizenship under a particular mode, this is marked as ‘No renunciation’. If a mode of acquisition is not in place in a state, this is marked as ‘n.a.’. For loss provisions, the provisions are marked as ‘Loss’, ‘No loss’ or ‘n.a.’. If a provision is only applicable to a particular subcategory of citizens (e.g. only to citizens by naturalisation), this is stated in the overview table, as the notification in the overview table could otherwise be regarded as deceptive. The data is derived from the 2020 update for the Globalcit modes of acquisition and loss of citizenship database. 1.2 Dual citizenship in the European Union: Analysis of national legal provisions In 16 EU Member States (Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden and the United Kingdom), there are no restrictions in place on dual citizenship for foreign nationals who acquire the citizenship of the country or citizens who acquire the citizenship of a foreign country. As these Member States constitute a majority, this again underlines that toleration of dual citizenship is steadfastly becoming the norm within the European Union. In seven EU Member States (Austria, Estonia, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Spain), restrictions on dual citizenship are in place for both persons who acquire the citizenship of the country as well as citizens of the country who acquire the citizenship of a foreign country. In five other EU Member States, dual citizenship is restricted asymmetrically. In Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovenia, dual citizenship is restricted for those who acquire citizenship, but not for citizens who acquire a foreign citizenship. In Ireland and Slovakia, restrictions on dual citizenship are in place for citizens who acquire a foreign citizenship, but not for those who acquire citizenship. 1.2.1 Requirement to renounce the original citizenship upon the acquisition of citizenship (Globalcit modes of acquisition A05-A27) In ten EU Member States (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Slovenia and Spain), acquiring citizenship through residence-based naturalisation (A06) requires that the original citizenship of the applicant is either expressly renounced or that the original citizenship was lost in an alternative way (e.g. through automatic loss). It is important to note that the renunciation requirement is in many EU Member States not consistently applied to all modes of acquisition of citizenship. Seven restrictive Member 13 Global Database on Modes of Acquisition of Citizenship, Globalcit, San Domenico di Fiesole: European University Institute, via <http://globalcit.eu/acquisition-citizenship/>, last accessed on 20 June 2020. 4 RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-Comp. 2020/4 - © 2020 Author