Besserer Rayas et al. Comparative Migration Studies (2024) 12:47 relevant against the backdrop that states increasingly respond to large and unexpected waves of displacement through their immigration rather than asylum systems (Selee et al., 2024). Furthermore, the terms can also travel to other contexts in which target populations cannot provide required paperwork to access rights and public services. We also expect the paper’s empirical and theoretical contributions to lead to further research, including on the conditions under which states opt for inclusionary over exclusionary policy innovation. Acknowledgements Many thanks to Luicy Pedroza and Jean Thomas Arrighi for organizing this Special Issue, for inviting us to participate, as well as for their feedback on an early draft. Data availability Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. 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