84 Clifton ET AL. collaboration has been described as ‘institutional entrepreneurship’ and has been used to analyse how the CTI evolved from a highly scientific expertdriven concept to a programme whose broad political and public appeal spans issues ranging from food security and border stability to climate change.6 These entrepreneurial partnerships serve to enhance the regulatory capacity and statutory powers of government whilst simultaneously fulfilling the conservation priorities of predominantly Western donors and the raison d’être of those environmental organisations which they support. Furthermore, the ‘hybrid’ forms of governance resulting from these partnerships raise distinct questions relating to the assumption of authority by non-State actors and the consequences for participation, particularly with regard to weaker stakeholder groups.7 2 Borders, Statelessness and Marine Conservation The CTI is particularly notable in that it represents a process of increasing state control over people and resources in a region long characterised by border disputes and contested histories of statehood. Pre-colonial ‘states’ in the nineteenth century Malay world were loosely-defined areas of population often located in strategic locations such as river mouths. Borders dividing these ‘port-polities’ were not needed, given their tendency to expand and contract over time subject to levels of control over the surrounding population in relation to shifting market demand for upriver resources and the often short-lived nature of the polities themselves.8 This absence of borders, particularly in maritime regions, contrasts sharply with the urgency amongst colonial rulers to exercise sole influence over their new territorial claims in South-East Asia. The arbitrary delineation of borders in the nineteenth century which still persist today was thus incompatible from the outset both with people’s movements in a borderless world and with pre-existing conceptions of state control over these activities. Formal boundary delineation continues today as nation-states seek to guard their sovereignty and ‘territorialise’ the regions under their control through creating political and social boundaries 6 Franciska Rosen and Per Olsson, ‘Institutional Entrepreneurs, Global Networks and the Emergence of International Institutions for Ecosystem-Based Management: the Coral Triangle Initiative’ (2013) 38 Marine Policy 195. 7 Derek Armitage, Rob de Loe and Ryan Plummer, ‘Environmental Governance and its Implications for Conservation Practice’ (2012) 5 Conservation Letters 245. 8 Carl A Trocki, ‘Borders and the Mapping of the Malay World’ (Association of Asian Studies Meeting, San Diego (California), March 2000). tilburg law review 19 (2014) 81-89