Journal of Human Rights 115 ‘there’ now in terms of firmly asserting the position of statelessness within the international human rights agenda” (p. 346). Alongside the Global Action Plan to End Statelessness (GAP) that was announced to accompany the launch of the IBelong campaign (UNHCR, 2014b), several other initiatives were held or launched around the same time, contributing to (or perhaps cementing) broader recognition of statelessness as a global issue. First, June 2014 saw the launch of the Global Campaign for Equal Nationality Rights (GCENR) as a coalition that, “mobilizes international action to end gender discrimination in nationality laws” (GCENR, n.d.). Further, in August 2014 the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion (ISI) was established as an entity emphasizing its unique worldwide coverage as “the first and the only human rights NGO dedicated to promoting the right to a nationality and the rights of stateless people globally” (Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion [ISI], n.d). In that same year (2014), ISI issued the inaugural edition of its now flagship publication The World’s Stateless. In addition to the evident global framing in the title, the Executive Summary opens, “Statelessness is a problem of global proportions” (p. 5). Finally, the First Global Forum on Statelessness convened in the Hague September 15–17, 2014 (UNHCR, 2014c). Indeed, Kingston (2019) later reflected back on her attendance at this event to suggest that “statelessness had [by then] achieved partial (but certainly not full) issue emergence” (p. 53). Since 2014, several other initiatives have extended the framing of statelessness as a global problem, including the project facilitated by ISI to build a Global Statelessness Movement (de Chickera, 2019), the academic network Global PhDs on Statelessness (GPS),2 and the recently established Global Alliance to End Statelessness. The Global Alliance was initiated by UNHCR to sustain efforts toward eradicating statelessness beyond the 2024 end of the IBelong Campaign (Global Alliance for Statelessness, n.d.). Within the crystallization of statelessness as a global issue since 2014, IBelong has been the dominant driver in shaping the discourse of how statelessness is understood. This is partly because of the authoritative status of the UNHCR as the campaign initiator given the agency’s public mandate, influence, and resource capacity. The combination of UNHCR’s legal advocacy, public relations, and strategic media work has been instrumental in constructing the image of the stateless person globally, a construct that is expected to filter down to regional and country levels through roll-out and translation of the campaign in local settings. Introducing the IBelong campaign to end statelessness (2014–2024) A special report coinciding with the IBelong launch claimed, “UNHCR’s 10-year Campaign to End Statelessness will harness a unique window of opportunity to garner public, national and international support to finally eradicate the scourge of statelessness within a decade” (UNHCR, 2014a, p. 20). Embarking on this bold venture, the agency established a 10-point global action plan (GAP) to focus its efforts, and track progress, to end statelessness by 2024 (UNHCR, 2014b). At the campaign’s midway point, UNHCR held a high-level segment on statelessness to capitalize on early successes, assess progress, and rally new momentum, ultimately generating 360 further pledges to address statelessness (Batchelor, 2019).3 Nonetheless, long before the conclusion of the campaign, it was apparent that the ambition of ending statelessness would not be met. Some notable achievements notwithstanding, a team commissioned by the agency to evaluate its statelessness work until 2019 found that, “UNHCR has struggled to meet statelessness targets for all but one key statelessness indicator within its Results Framework” (UNHCR, 2021, p. iv). The evaluation further stated that, “monitoring data against targets on the 10 GAP actions suggest underachievement of six and challenges or lack of information on the other four” (UNHCR, 2021, p. iii). The agency has thus taken to reframing the campaign goal of ending statelessness as aspirational rather than a realistic target, and had already begun planning for the next phase of ending statelessness work well before completion of the original 10-year period. Since mid-2022, efforts