SAVICKIS AND OTHERS v. LATVIA JUDGMENT In the case of Savickis and Others v. Latvia, The European Court of Human Rights, sitting as a Grand Chamber composed of: Robert Spano, President, Jon Fridrik Kjølbro, Síofra O’Leary, Yonko Grozev, Ksenija Turković, Paul Lemmens, Ganna Yudkivska, Aleš Pejchal, Krzysztof Wojtyczek, Branko Lubarda, Mārtiņš Mits, Pauliine Koskelo, Lətif Hüseynov, Lado Chanturia, Erik Wennerström, Anja Seibert-Fohr, Mattias Guyomar, judges, and Abel Campos, Deputy Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 2 March 2022, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: INTRODUCTION 1. The present case concerns the difference in treatment between citizens of Latvia and “permanently resident non-citizens” (nepilsoņi) of Latvia with regard to the calculation of their retirement pensions, through the exclusion, for the latter group, of employment and equivalent periods accrued outside Latvia prior to 1991, in other parts of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (“the USSR”). The applicants rely on Article 14 of the Convention, taken together with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. PROCEDURE 2. The case originated in an application (no. 49270/11) against the Republic of Latvia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a group of persons born between 1938 and 1948 and living in various cities of Latvia. 3. The applicants were represented by Ms. I. Nikuļceva, a lawyer practising in Riga. The respondent Government were represented by their Agent, Ms K. Līce. The Russian Government, which subsequently exercised 1