Illegal Forced Displacement and IDPs Displacement of individuals and groups resulting from the violation of any of the above principles or rights or any combination thereof constitutes forced displacement. Usually this displacement can be direct, when it leads to the “actual displacement of people from their locations,” or indirect, when it “leads to a loss of livelihood.”43 The loss of livelihood often forces people to leave their homes in search of a better standard of living. Moreover, once those displaced leave the area which they were living in and on which their livelihood was based, they often become impoverished.44 When those displaced do not cross any international borders and remain within their country, they become Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). IDPs are defined as “persons or groups of persons who have been forced to flee, or leave their homes or places of habitual residence as a result of armed conflict, internal strife, and habitual violations of human rights, […], and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border.”45 Arbitrary displacement is completely forbidden by IHRL, and the UN Guidelines on Internal Displacement provide instances of such displacement. These include displacement based on “policies of apartheid, ‘ethnic cleansing’ or similar practices aimed at/or resulting in altering the ethnic, religious or racial composition of the affected population;” cases of large-scale development projects “not justified by compelling and overriding public interests;” and cases in which displacement is used “as a collective punishment.”46 Rights of Refugees and IDPs In 2005, the Commission on Human Rights issued the “Principles on housing and property restitution for refugees and displaced persons” (hereinafter ‘Restitution Principles’), which “reflect widely accepted principles of IHRL, 43 UNESCO, “Displaced Person/Displacement”, n.d., available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/socialand-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/displaced-person-displacement/ [accessed 18 September 2017]. 44 Ibid. 45 UNHCR, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, OCHA/IDP/2004/01, June 2001, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/protection/idps/43ce1cff2/guiding-principles-internal-displacement.html [accessed 18 September 2017] [hereinafter UNHCR, Guiding Principles]. 46 Id., Principle 6. 21