LEGAL FRAMEWORK International humanitarian law (IHL) - the applicable legal framework in situations of occupation - places specific binding obligations on Israel with respect to the administration and development of natural resources and the provision of services in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt). Specifically, the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV), the Hague Regulations of 1907,2 and customary international law are relevant. Additionally, the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has concluded that the applicability of IHL in a territory under occupation does not cease the application of human rights law instruments.3 Specifically, in situations of occupation, the human rights framework should complement and reinforce the protection afforded by IHL. Therefore, international human rights law (IHRL) instruments such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) are also applicable.4 Both the aforementioned legal instruments are binding on Israel; accordingly, its administration of the oPt must adhere to both IHL and IHRL standards. Israel is also bound by customary criminal law, which is a body of international law that aims to prohibit the most grievous actions – namely war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and aggression – and to prosecute the perpetrators. Moreover, the International Criminal Court has jurisdiction over crimes committed in the oPt since June 2014 following the signing of the Rome Statute by the Palestinian Authority in January 2015. 2 While Israel is not a signatory to the Hague Regulations, these Regulations form part of customary international law and are therefore binding on all states. 3 Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, 2004 ICJ (July 9) [hereinafter ICJ, Wall Advisory Opinion]; Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, 2005 ICJ (Dec. 19); BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights (BADIL), Forced Population Transfer: The Case of Palestine, Installment of a Permit Regime, (Bethlehem, 2015), 14, available at: https:// www.badil.org/phocadownloadpap/badil-new/publications/research/working-papers/wp18-FPTIsraeli-permit-system.pdf [hereinafter BADIL, FPT: Permit Regime]. 4 Israel ratified both the ICCPR and ICESCR in October 1991. See: Ratification Status for Israel, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), n.d., available at: http:// tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=84&Lang=EN 11