2. The Sustainable Development Goals and solutions to statelessness and practices, it is recommended that corresponding indicators are established. Such indicators might be close in formulation to Indicator 5.1.1 (e.g. whether or not laws, policies and practices are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination). The methodology developed to measure progress against such indicators would need to include nationality laws amongst the legal frameworks to be evaluated and ask the following questions of those laws: • Do nationality laws permit loss, denial or deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds? • Are there law, policy and administrative measures in place to restore nationality to those arbitrarily deprived of it? The sole Global Indicator proposed to measure whether Goal 16, Target 16.9 fulfils its promise of ensuring universal legal identity, including birth registration, is: “Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by age” (Global Indicator 16.9.1). It falls within Tier I - Indicators for which an established methodology exists and where data is widely available. Attention has focused on birth registration as the most quantifiable, globally comparable measure of progress towards legal identity. Indeed, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) already collects data on precisely this measure, and counts nearly 230 million children under the age of five whose births have not been registered in the more than 140 countries for which data is available.74 As noted earlier, birth registration proves where a child was born and the identity of its parents; important information needed to establish nationality and prevent statelessness. As such, Global Indicator 16.9.1 will help to improve access to a form of legal identity (birth registration) for children under the age of five. However, Global Indicator 16.9.1 is framed as an aggregate measure and successful progress will be measured by evaluating how close a country comes to registering the births of all children under the age of five. The problem is that even in States that are able to report close to 100% birth registration coverage, stateless children are likely to fall within the small percentage that miss out. Therefore, unless the causes of failure to register births, including discrimination and exclusion are also addressed, this Global Indicator may have little meaning for stateless children under the age 74 UNICEF, Every Child’s Birth Right: Inequities and Trends in Birth Registration, 2013. 66