2021 STATELESSNESS AND THE CITIZENSHIP AMENDMENT ACT, 2019 163 structive ideas of Indian citizenship that seek to justify the shift of citizenship towards jus sanguinis based in descent and religious identity by drawing on Constituent Assembly debates on Partition and citizenship.29 It argues for an updated re-look at the pluralist and secular foundations of Indian citizenship to be the guiding force for moulding Indian citizenship.30 II. STATELESSNESS, THE RIGHT TO HAVE RIGHTS, AND SRI LANKAN TAMIL REFUGEES IN INDIA A. Conceptual framework to statelessness and Hannah Arendt’s ‘right to have rights’ A stateless person is one without citizenship from any country in the world.31 Hannah Arendt famously drew the link between statelessness and the inability to realise rights in the aftermath of the First World War when Europe was teeming with millions of stateless persons.32 The First World War saw Europe crushed under a massive wave of ethnonationalist sentiment, with demands for independent states by various ethnic groups.33 As a result, erstwhile multinational states like Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved to give way to separate states for, inter alia, ethnic Slovenians, Austrians, Hungarians.34 29 30 31 32 33 34 accessed 28 July 2021; Jessica Field and Srinibas Burra, ‘The Global Compact on Refugees: Indian Perspectives and Experiences’ (2020) Academicians Working Group and UNHCR <http://hdl.handle.net/10739/3407> accessed 28 July 2021. As discussed by Chandrachud (n 27); Niraja Gopal Jayal, Citizenship and Its Discontents: An Indian History (OUP 2013). Bhatia (n 51); N. Ram, ‘The Evolving Politics of Citizenship in Republican India’ in Bhatia and others (n 1). 1954 Convention, art 1. Hannah Arendt, ‘The Decline of the Nation-state and the End of the Rights of Man’ in Hannah Arendt (ed), The Origins of Totalitarianism (Harcourt, Brace & World Inc. 1966) p. 296; David Fitzgerald, ‘The History of Racialized Citizenship’ in Ayelet Shachar and others (ed), The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship (OUP 2017); Ute Daniel and others, ‘International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Introduction’ (1914-1918 online, 8 October 2014) <https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/1914-1918-online_international_encyclopedia_of_the_first_world_war_introduction> accessed 28 July 2021. Arendt (n 32); Fitzgerald (n 32); Jennifer Llewellyn and Steve Thompson, ‘Nationalism as a Cause of World War I’ (Alpha History, 7 September 2020) <https://alphahistory.com/ worldwar1/nationalism/> accessed 28 July 2021; Editors of Britannica Encyclopedia, ‘Paris Peace Conference 1919-1920’ (Encyclopædia Britannica, 11 January 2021) <https://www. britannica.com/event/Paris-Peace-Conference> accessed 28 July 2021 (“Britannica”); Office of the Historian, ‘The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles’ (United States Department of State) <https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/paris-peace> accessed 28 July 2021. Arendt (n 32); Jane Mader, ‘Hannah Arendt and World War I: On Statelessness and the Rise of Totalitarian Regimes’ (Hannah Arendt Center for Politics and Humanities 1 March 2020) <https://hac.bard.edu/amor-mundi/hannah-arendt-and-world-war-i-on-statelessness-and-therise-of-totalitarian-regimes-2020-01-03> accessed 10 February 2021