METHODOLOGY This mixed-methods study, which took place from August 2019 to January 2020, employs both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Its findings, recommendations, and conclusions have been drawn from data collected through interviews and a representative survey. Because of the difficulties of obtaining information and conducting research in northern Rakhine State in Myanmar, the study focused on Rohingya families living in Bangladesh, and was undertaken with the permission of responsible authorities. process to rebalance this intentional overrepresentation. All data cited in this report is representative of the overall camp population. The sampling process was approached in two stages, using the camp block as the primary sampling unit. For the first stratum, all seven blocks of the registered camp were included. For the larger second stratum, a sample of 130 blocks was selected with probability proportional to the number of households therein, using the most up-to-date population estimates from July 2019, when the survey was designed.12 A supplemental sample of 11 additional blocks was later drawn in order to increase the total amount of data collected. Within each block, the secondary sampling unit was a household. To maintain an equal probability design, a fixed sample size of ten households within each block was targeted. Because no sampling frame of households within blocks was available, enumerators were assigned a random starting point within each block and instructed to collect data on the 10 households nearest that point. People’s own interpretations of the hardships they face— and their attempts to mitigate them—raise implications for their own personal security and well-being, as well as for regional conflict and security dynamics. Thus, the research focused exclusively on camp families’ own experiences and views rather than those of other stakeholders. Findings were distilled from 1,611 surveys and 50 key informant interviews with camp residents. SURVEY Twenty-two Rohingya volunteer enumerators were recruited to carry out the survey over an eight-week period between October and December 2019. These enumerators were chosen for their experience collecting sensitive data within the camps. The survey was written in both English and the Myanmar language, but it was conducted orally by enumerators in the Rohingya language. Because Rohingya is primarily an oral language, during a one-week training the enumerators discussed and agreed on standard spoken translations for each question to ensure consistency and comprehension. After the week of training, they proceeded to survey households across 26 refugee camps within the area known as the “mega-camp” in the Ukhia Upazila (Subdistrict) of Cox’s Bazar District, near the Myanmar border.10 All survey respondents were either the head of household or their spouse. Because most survey questions pertained to the whole family, respondents were encouraged to ask other household members to help provide details in case the primary respondent was unsure, such as on the travel histories of family members living overseas. INTERVIEWS Interviews were conducted with residents of the megacamp in a semistructured format in August 2019, November 2019, and January 2020. Several of the survey enumerators supported the process as “fixers” and invited interviewees to participate who had experience with the themes introduced by the survey. Of the key informant interviews, 18 were with individual women, four were with combined groups of male and female family members, and 28 were with individual men. Unlike the surveys, which were conducted at respondents’ shelters, the interviews were conducted in a private location due to the sensitivity of the topics discussed. This made it difficult to achieve a gender balance, as many Rohingya women customarily refrain from leaving their shelters, making it difficult to attend the interview. A stratified sample design was utilized to conduct the survey in a manner that ensured inclusion of both new and registered refugees. The first stratum is composed of 196 registered refugee households, most of whom arrived in Bangladesh in the early 1990s. The second stratum is comprised of 1,415 households across the 25 makeshift camps housing the newly arrived population. Most of the respondents in the second stratum arrived in Bangladesh in 2017 and have not been registered as official refugees by the government of Bangladesh. The camps in which they live encircle Kutupalong refugee camp, where registered refugees reside. Each interview took between one and two and a half hours. The researchers used a loosely structured question bank and encouraged interviewees to first share their family story in detail. Follow-up questions were then posed to further elucidate the elements most relevant to the study. The result of these interviews is a rich collection of multigenerational oral histories that shed light on each family’s unique circumstances. Names and other identifying details have been changed or omitted where appropriate to protect the anonymity of respondents. Respondents from stratum one, registered refugees, were represented disproportionately in the overall sample—12 percent, when the actual percentage of registered households in the mega-camp is 2 percent.11 This was done to achieve a sample size sufficient to draw meaningful comparisons with newly arrived camp residents. Weights were applied to the two strata during the final tabulation 11