2021] NATIONALITY LAWS 117 1(1) actions by states parties that differentiate between citizens and non-citizens, the Committee asserted that Article 1(3) provides a qualification to paragraph 2 “by declaring that, among non-citizens, States parties may not discriminate against any particular nationality.”144 Thornberry claims that “the general direction of the CERD approach has been to shrink progressively any lacuna in human rights protection represented by 1(2) and 1(3).” 145 The Committee’s General Recommendation Thirty, adopted in 2004, certainly augments the same logic contained in General Recommendation Eleven and widens its guiding principle.146 Echoing General Recommendation Eleven, Section I of General Recommendation Thirty provides that “Article 1, paragraph 3 declares that, concerning nationality, citizenship or naturalization, the legal provisions of States parties must not discriminate against any particular nationality.”147 Section 4 of General Recommendation Thirty speaks directly to Article 1(3) under the subheading, “Access to citizenship.”148 Paragraph 13 requires states to ensure that “particular groups of non-citizens are not discriminated against with regard to access to citizenship or naturalization, and to pay due attention to possible barriers to naturalization that may exist for long-term or permanent residents.” 149 Paragraph 14 “recognize[s] that deprivation of citizenship on the basis of race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin is a breach of States parties’ obligations to ensure non-discriminatory enjoyment of the right to nationality.”150 Our survey of concluding observations reveals that, since General Recommendation Thirty, the principles it sets out are frequently relied upon. However, the Committee tends to focus on gender-based discrimination, 151 the risk of statelessness or 144 Comm. on Elimination Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation Eleven, on Non-Citizens, ¶ 1, U.N. Doc. A/48/18 (1993). 145 THORNBERRY, supra note 2, at 146. 146 Comm. on Elimination Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation Thirty, on Discrimination Against Non-Citizens, ¶ 14, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.7/Add.1 (May 4, 2005) [hereinafter General Recommendation Thirty] (noting that states parties who fail to grant citizenship on account of race or heritage violate their obligations under the Convention). 147 Id. ¶ 1. 148 Id. at 4. 149 Id. ¶ 13. 150 Id. ¶ 14. 151 The Committee focused on these issues in relation to fifteen countries. See, e.g., Comm. on Elimination Racial Discrimination, Concluding Observations on Bahamas, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/64/CO/1 (Apr. 28, 2004); Comm. on Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding Observations on Bahrain, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/BHR/CO/7, at 17 (Apr. 14, 2005); Comm. on Elimination