92 COLUM. J. RACE & L. [Vol. 11:83 been undertaken regarding the prevalence of direct or indirect racial discrimination in nationality laws, nor is there an equivalent list of countries that maintain explicitly or indirectly racially discriminatory nationality laws. This may well explain why, of the 252 pledges made by states at the UNHCR HighLevel Segment on Statelessness in October 2019, only Uganda’s pledge related to racial discrimination.29 This lack of focus on racial discrimination is perhaps unsurprising when considering that, as E. Tendayi Achiume convincingly argues, “racial equality is marginal to the global human rights agenda.”30 As she notes, despite wide ratification of ICERD, having now reached 182 states parties, 31 “racial equality has seemingly drifted to the margins” of the human rights agenda,32 including in our view the campaign to eradicate statelessness. If racial discrimination is both a cause and consequence of statelessness, 33 nationality laws and practices of certain countries can both enshrine and enable such discrimination. This insidious cycle34 of “racialized citizenship”35 can be seen in many instances of mass denial or deprivation of citizenship, even as the significant steps have been taken to address gender discriminatory nationality laws in the international community) [https://perma.cc/2TBV-BWT8]. 29 U.N. High Comm’r for Refugees, Results of the High-Level Segment on Statelessness, (Oct. 2019), https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/results-of-the-highlevel-segment-on-statelessness [https://perma.cc/8QXS-FWVE]. 30 E. Tendayi Achiume, Putting Racial Equality onto the Global Human Rights Agenda, 28 SUR INT’L J. ON HUM. RTS. 141, 142 (2018) [hereinafter Achiume, Racial Equality]. 31 U.N. Treaty Collection, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV2&chapter=4&clang=_en [https://perma.cc/G5AJ-7DF9] (last visited Nov. 22, 2020). 32 Achiume, Racial Equality, supra note 30, at 144. 33 See, e.g., U.N. OFF. HIGH COMM’R, FORUM ON MINORITY ISSUES ELEVENTH SESSION, STATELESSNESS: A MINORITY ISSUE, CONCEPT NOTE 3 (Nov. 29–30, 2018), https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/MinorityIssues/Sessio n11/ConceptNote.pdf [https://perma.cc/6R3Y-3AA9] 34 Kingston, Worthy of Rights, supra note 25. See also de Chickera & Whiteman, supra note 1, at 105 (“[I]n addition to continuing to face discrimination on the basis of pre-existing characteristics, a person’s status as stateless often becomes a basis for further discrimination.”). See KINGSTON, FULLY HUMAN, supra note 21, at 57–78; Brad Blitz & Maureen Lynch, Statelessness and the Deprivation of Nationality, in STATELESSNESS AND CITIZENSHIP: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE BENEFITS OF NATIONALITY 1 (Brad K. Blitz & Maureen Lynch eds., 2011). 35 David Scott FitzGerald, The History of Racialized Citizenship, in THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF CITIZENSHIP 129, 130 (Ayelet Sachar et al. eds., 2017).