Table 1. Comparing the New York Declaration, the zero draft of the global compact for migration, the final draft of the global compact on refugees and the final draft of the global compact for migration as they relate to statelessness Root cause of forced displacement and caused by forced displacement (72). Rights of stateless persons Ensuring citizenship Avoiding risk of statelessness Why consider statelessness? New York Declaration (September 2016) Note UNHCR campaign to end statelessness in a decade and encourage States to consider actions that could reduce incidence of statelessness (72). Zero Draft of Global Compact for Migration (focus on Objective 4) (February 2017) Global Compact on Refugees (August 2018) Final Draft of Global Compact for Migration (focus on Objective 4) (July 2018) It represents a form of vulnerability (chapeau). States can identify nationality e.g. for return (chapeau). Human right to a nationality (a). Protect stateless persons (5) Both a cause and consequence of refugee movements (83). Proof of legal identity is to enable migration authorities to ascertain identity, including for removal (chapeau). Human right to nationality (e). Identity documents for all migrants (a). Consular documents to all migrants (d). Determine status autonomously, independently and individually (e). Individual documentation for female and child migrants (e). Citizenship or access to passport or visa not tied to spouse or parent (e). Identify stateless persons and those at risk of statelessness (60). Strengthen capacity of national civil registries for access by refugees and stateless persons (82). Share good, gendersensitive practices for prevention and reduction of statelessness (83). States provide their nationals with proof of nationality (chapeau, c). States provide documentation to all migrants on territory (chapeau, a). Improve civil registry systems (a). Non-discriminatory criteria to obtain passports and visas (d). Ensure women and men can equally confer nationality to their children (e). Each State to provide nationality to children born in another State’s territory (e). Facilitate conferring to citizenship to children born in another State’s territory and allowing women to confer nationality to children (b). Abolish requirements to prove citizenship at service delivery centres (f). Institute identification cards enabling access to services, conduct business and participate in community life irrespective of status (g). 5 of 8 When requested by States, help will be provided for inclusion of stateless persons in national data and statistical collection processes (46). Identification of stateless persons and those at risk of statelessness (60). Review and revise requirements to prove nationality at service delivery centres (f). Build on e.g. municipal registration cards that contain basic personal information without entitlement to citizenship or residency (g)