Regional Workshop on Statelessness and the Rights of Women and Children limit the ability of their nationals to convey nationality by descent to children born outside the country or stipulate that nationality cannot be passed indefinitely to successive generations living abroad. In these situations, children of later generations face a risk of statelessness, a risk heightened if the State of residence does not grant citizenship under jul soli principle to children born in its territory or applies the principle with significant restrictions. Smuggling and trafficking People smuggling and human trafficking can be both causes and consequences of statelessness. They can cause statelessness when smugglers or traffickers confiscate people’s travel documents, which can leave the victim without proof of nationality and present challenges for States in verifying a victim’s nationality. People smuggling and human trafficking can be a consequence of statelessness where stateless persons are forced to live in extreme poverty because of denial of access to education or employment. Stateless persons in such situations are often unable to access regular forms of migration that leave them vulnerable to exploitation by smugglers and traffickers. The national expert on trafficking issues from Thailand described how the Bureau of AntiTrafficking in Women and Children under the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, protects victims of human trafficking, Saowanee Khomepatr, including stateless people, identified in the Director of the Bureau for Anti-Trafficking in Women country. She noted that Thailand is a country and Children (BATWC), of origin, transit as well as destination. Among Ministry of Social various Thai Government entities and other Development and Human stakeholders involved in this issue, the Bureau Security. She presented to the is responsible for providing assistance to workshop how Thailand has victims of trafficking. Specifically, her team put in place the system for coordinates with related agencies to identify addressing the protection and rescue victims, refer them to shelters and needs of victims of trafficking. provide them with basic services. From 2008 © UNHCR/B. Abante to 2011, some 1,884 persons have been under the care of the Bureau. Thailand’s ministerial regulations allow victims a temporary stay while repatriation and reintegration are facilitated through established bilateral agreements with neighbouring countries such as Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar. In 18