ENDNOTES 1 C. Paulussen, ‘Countering Terrorism Through the Stripping of Citizenship: Ineffective and Counterproductive,’ ICCT (17 October 2018), available at: https:// icct.nl/publication/countering-terrorism-through-the-stripping-of-citizenship-ineffective-and-counterproductive/. 2 D. Burchardt and R. Gulati, 'International counter-terrorism regulation and citizenship-stripping laws—reinforcing legal exceptionalism,' (2018), Journal of Conflict & Security Law, vol 23, p. 13. 3 Art. 16 CRI. 4 Art. 13 PAN. 5 Art. 147 PRY. 6 Art. 9 HRV. 7 Art. 12(2) CZE. 8 Art. 34(2) POL. 9 Art. 5(2) SVK. 10 C. Simon, ‘The calypso caliphate – How Trinidad became a recruiting ground for ISIS,’ (2019), International Affairs, vol. 95(2). 11 Eight countries repealed or narrowed deprivation powers between 2000-2005: Burundi, Trinidad and Tobago, Peru, Sri Lanka, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Lao People's Democratic Republic, Samoa and Chile. 12 Including September 11 terrorist attack on the USA (2001), Bali bombings (2002), Moscow theatre hostage crisis (2002), Madrid train bombings (2004), London bombings (2005). 13 Five countries repealed or narrowed deprivation powers between 2006-2010: Iraq, Nepal, Tuvalu, Kenya and Mali. 14 See further Section 4.4 on trends with regard to the introduction and expansion of deprivation powers. 15 Bill C-24, the Strengthening Canadian Citizenship Act (SCCA), (19 June 2014), available at: https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/41-2/bill/C-24/ royal-assent/page-30. 16 Vice News, ‘“A Canadian Is a Canadian”: Liberal Leader Says Terrorists Should Keep Their Citizenship,’ Vice News (28 September 2015), available at: https:// www.vice.com/en/article/7xaxby/a-canadian-is-a-canadian-liberal-leader-says-terrorists-should-keep-their-citizenship. 17 Bill C-6, Amendment to the Canadian Citizenship Act, (19 June 2017), available at: https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/bill/C-6/royal-assent. 18 B. Dodwell, D. Milton and D. Rassler, ‘The Caliphate’s Global Workforce: An Inside Look at the Islamic State’s Foreign Fighter Paper Trail’ (2016) Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, page 17, available at: https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Caliphates-Global-Workforce1.pdf. 19 See for a discussion of Tunisia’s policy towards returnees, T. Rendard, ‘Returnees in the Maghreb: Comparing policies on returning foreign terrorist fighters in Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia’ (2019) Egmont Paper 107, available at: https://aei.pitt.edu/97375/1/EP107-returnees-in-the-Maghreb.pdf. 20 Art. 25 of Tunisia’s Constitution of 2014, available at: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Tunisia_2014.pdf. 21 Art. 25, 25-1 FRA. 22 P. Wautelet, ‘Deprivation of citizenship for 'jihadists' Analysis of Belgian and French practice and policy in light of the principle of equal treatment' in P. Kruiniger (ed), Jihad Islam en Recht: Jihadisme en Reacties vanuit het Nederlands en Belgische Recht (Boom Juridische Uitgevers 2017), available at: https:// papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2713742. 23 France 24, ‘November 2015 Attacks: A Timeline of the Night That Shook the French Capital,’ France24 (8 September 2021), available at: https://www. france24.com/en/france/20210908-paris-november-2015-attacks-a-timeline-of-the-night-that-shook-the-city. 24 Ibid. 25 W. Helbling, ‘French President Proposes Constitutional Amendment,’ Jurist (27 December 2015), available at: https://www.jurist.org/news/2015/12/ french-president-proposes-constitutional-amendments/. 26 Ibid. 27 R. Barrett, ‘Beyond the Caliphate: Foreign Fighters and the Threat of Returnees’ (2017) The Soufan Centre. 28 M. Bolhuis and J. van Wijk, ‘Citizenship Deprivation as a Counterterrorism Measure in Europe; Possible Follow-Up Scenarios, Human Rights Infringements and the Effect on Counterterrorism,’ (2020), European Journal of Migration and Law, vol. 22(3). 29 R. Barrett, ‘Beyond the Caliphate: Foreign Fighters and the Threat of Returnees’ (2017) The Soufan Centre. 30 C. Tomlinson, ‘Swedish Minister Refuses to Strip Returning Islamic State Fighters of Swedish Citizenship,’ Breitbart (8 August 2017), available at: https:// www.breitbart.com/europe/2017/08/08/swedish-minister-refuses-strip-returning-islamic-state-fighters-swedish-citizenship/. 31 TheLocal, ‘Sweden Democrats call on government to strip Isis fighters of citizenship,’ TheLocal (13 March 2019), available at: https://www.thelocal. se/20190313/sweden-democrats-call-on-government-to-strip-isis-fighters-of-citizenship/. 32 T. Okamura, ‘Tomio Okamura: Musíme zabránit pobytu džihádistů v ČR,’ (8 September 2016) [Czech], available at: https://www.spd.cz/tomio-okamuramusime-zabranit-pobytu-dzihadistu-v-cr/; T. Okamura, ‘Vláda by měla vyjednat dohodu o zákazu vstupu všem džihádistům,’ (6 September 2016) [Czech], available at: https://www.parlamentnilisty.cz/profily/Tomio-Okamura-13074/clanek/Vlada-by-mela-vyjednat-dohodu-o-zakazu-vstupu-vsemdzihadistum-72392. 33 These are Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, Fiji, Finland, Germany, Honduras, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Norway, Seychelles, South Korea, Tonga and Uzbekistan. 34 These are Algeria, Angola, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belgium, Estonia, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Solomon Islands, Uganda, United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. 35 These include Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Finland, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. 36 As compared to 38% in Europe, 17% in Asia-Pacific, 6% in Africa and 3% in the Americas. 37 Art. 65(3) HON. See further Section 3.3, on the use of vague terms or discretionary language in nationality deprivation provisions. 38 Kyrgyzstan, Liechtenstein, Uzbekistan and Angola in 2016; Kazakhstan and the United Arab Emirates in 2017; Italy, Norway and the Solomon Islands in 2018; Finland and Germany in 2019; Belarus and Albania in 2020; and Estonia in 2021. 39 Art. 23(1) BEL (2000). 40 Art. 28(1-ii) DEU (2022). 41 Art. 32(2) AUT (2022). 42 The information in the boxed text is drawn from E. Ersbøll, ‘Birthright citizenship and children born in a conflict zone’ (5 February 2020) blogpost for European Network on Statelessness, available at: https://globalcit.eu/birthright-citizenship-and-children-born-in-a-conflict-zone/. 43 Algeria, Bahrain, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. 44 Art. 22(1) DZA (2000). 45 Art. 22(1) DZA (2022). 46 Art. 22(3) DZA (2000). 47 Art. 22(3) DZA (2022). 48 For instance, when a person fails to declare in their naturalisation process that they have been convicted in the past, this would constitute an omission of a fact relevant to the naturalisation process, and would provide a ground for deprivation of nationality under Art. 14(1)). Handleiding Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap 2003, nr. BWBW33099 (2003) [Dutch], available at: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBW33099/2022-01-01. 49 Rijkswet van 17 juni 2010, houdende wijziging van de Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap met betrekking tot meervoudige nationaliteit en andere nationaliteitsrechtelijke kwesties, nr. stb-2010-242 (17 June 2016) [Dutch], available at: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2010-242.html. 50 Rijkswet van 5 maart 2016 tot wijziging van de Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap ter verruiming van de mogelijkheden voor het ontnemen van het Nederlanderschap bij terroristische misdrijven, nr. stb-2016-121 (5 March 2016) [Dutch], available at: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2016121.html. 51 Rijkswet van 10 februari 2017, houdende wijziging van de Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap in verband met het intrekken van het Nederlanderschap in het belang van de nationale veiligheid, nr. stb-2017-52 (10 February 2017) [Dutch], available at: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2017-52.html. 52 Besluit van de Minister van Veiligheid en Justitie van 2 maart 2017, nr. 2050307, tot vaststelling van de lijst met organisaties de een bedreiging vormen voor de nationale veiligheid, nr. stcrt-2017-13023 (2 March 2017) [Dutch], available at: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stcrt-2017-13023.html. The following organisations have been listed as constituting a threat to national security: (1) Al-Qaeda and organisations affiliated with Al-Qaeda; (2) Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) and organisations affiliated with ISIS; and (3) Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham. 31