assistance role has necessarily translated from time to time into a protection one, but without the clarity of a specific mandate from the international community. Outside that area, “continuity of protection” still cannot be assured, as distinctions are drawn between Palestinians who have actually availed themselves of UNRWA assistance, and those who are merely eligible; and between those who leave UNRWA’s area of operations for reasons of personal safety, and those who, having left for any number of reasons, are now effectively barred from returning through denial of the necessary permission or documentation. The realm of the unprotected may have shrunk because of these judgments, but many displaced Palestinians will not satisfy the criteria now read into Article 1D; clearly, there is still work to be done. The second edition of this Handbook, of course, covers a much broader range of issues and concerns. BADIL, the author and the contributors are to be congratulated on such a monumental gathering of the evidence. The Handbook provides a history of the circumstances giving rise to the Palestinian exodus, and of the international institutional mechanisms set up to provide protection and assistance. It explains the “protection gaps” which have emerged in national practice, and makes practical, rule-based suggestions for bridging those gaps. It remains essential reading and an important resource for everyone engaged in the Palestinian refugee issue, whether on an individual case level, or in promoting the long wished-for political solution. Guy S. Goodwin-Gill All Souls College, Oxford May 2014 xii Handbook on Protection of Palestinian Refugees