2018] NATIONALITY AND DEFINING “THE RIGHT TO HAVE RIGHTS” S883 Europe and Central Asia. 179 A “significant” portion of these minority-group members, rendered stateless upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union, did not meet the legal requirements for nationality promulgated by their new States. 180 As an example, the nationality laws of Croatia only recognized ethnic Croatians, preventing all other exYugoslavian residents from acquiring Croatian nationality. 181 The Czech Republic promulgated nationality laws preventing their longterm residents born in Slovak territory from acquiring a nationality; the Slovak Republic did the same with respect to those born on Czech territory. 182 Concurrently, the role of nationality in regions beyond Europe began catching the attention of the international community. 183 States and scholars grew concerned by the denationalization of political opponents in quasi-democratic African States. Most notably, the Chiluba administration in Zambia denationalized Kenneth Kaunda, the founder and first president of an independent Zambia. The denationalization, based on the allegation that Kaunda was a Malawian national, followed Kaunda’s criticisms of the Chiluba administration as “inept and corrupt.” 184 A similar approach to corralling electoral candidates by declaring opposition leaders, and even voters, “foreigners” developed in Côte d’Ivoire in the early 1990s. 185 Separate from political denationalization, resource conflict and ethnic tensions between Mauritania and Senegal led to the cross-border expulsion of an estimated 70,000 Mauritanians lacking any form of State-issued identification or recognition. 186 179. Michel Iogna-Prat, Nationality and Statelessness Issues in the Newly Independent States, in THE PROBLEM OF REFUGEES IN THE LIGHT OF CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL LAW ISSUES 25, 25 (1996). 180. Id. at 26. 181. Geraud de la Pradelle, The Effects of New Nationality Rules on the Status of Individuals, in DISSOLUTION, CONTINUATION AND SUCCESSION IN EASTERN EUROPE 105, 112 (Brigitte Stern ed., 1998). 182. Id. at 113. 183. G.A. Res. 49/169, preamble (Dec. 23, 1994) (referring to the “persistent problems of stateless persons in various regions and the emergence of new situations of statelessness”) (emphasis added). 184. Donald Mcneil, Jr., Founder of Zambia is Delared Stateless in High Court Ruling, N.Y. TIMES (Apr. 1, 1999), www.nytimes.com/1999/04/01/world/founder-of-zambia-isdeclared-stateless-in-high-court-ruling.html [https://perma.cc/8RL7-VG9B]. 185. Pouilly, supra note 178, at 29; Stephen Jackson, Congolité: Elections and the Politics of Autochthony in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in RHETORICS OF INSECURITY: BELONGING AND VIOLENCE IN THE NEOLIBERAL ERA 79–80 (Zeynep Gambetti & Marcial Godoy-Anativia eds., 2013). 186. David Stone, Enhancing Livelihood Security Among Mauritanian Refugees: Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2954729