Lesotho x Malawi x Mozambique † Namibia S. Africa† x x x x x x x x x x x (x) x x Swaziland x x x x x x x x Zambia† x x MS x Zimbabwe x x MS x x x x x x x (date of latest amendment in parentheses) legal provisions ren. dep. res. out of country x x X Work for foreign state/army x x disloyal behaviour x x ordinary crime Permit require to renounce X crime vs state x crime vs state x Fraud Angola Botswana Work foreign state /army dual citizenship Table 6: Criteria for loss or deprivation of citizenship Country citizenship from birth citizenship by naturalisation protection vs statelessness Statelessness in Southern Africa x x L2005Art15 x C1993Art42(2) L1971Art23 C1994Art47 L1966Art23-26 x L1998(2004)Art 16&18 x C2004 Art 31(a) L1975Art14 x C1990(2010)Art 4(7)&(8) L1990Art7-9 x C1996(2009)Art 20 L1995(2010)Art 6-8 x C2005Art49&50 L1992Art10&11 x C1991(1996)Art 7&9 L1975(1994)Art 22&23 x C1981(2009)Art 9 L1984(2003)Art 11 shaded: citizenship from birth cannot be revoked bold x in dual citizenship column if the only reason citizenship from birth can be removed is acquisition of another citizenship (x) dual nationality allowed only with permission † Constitution and law conflict; constitutional provisions noted here except where law supplementary MS permission required to renounce nationality only during period for which may be called for military service Due process in administrative decisions to recognise and revoke nationality Among the most important protections against statelessness is the right of an individual to appeal decisions relating to the right to a nationality through both administrative and judicial channels. This applies both to recognition of nationality (for example the denial of an identity card, passport or voter registration) and deprivation of nationality (the positive decision to remove a person’s citizenship, but also potentially represented by administrative decisions such as failure to renew any of the above documents). Some African countries provide good protections in this regard: in Ghana, for example, the deprivation of citizenship can only be done by a court on application of the minister and not by administrative fiat. In many cases, however, these decisions are made in law by the minister, and in practice by officials of the relevant ministry, some at the lowest level. 27