highlighted by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the body overseeing the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. In its concluding observations on Tuvalu, CEDAW noted that: The Committee recommends that the State party develop disaster management and mitigation plans in response to the potential displacement and/or statelessness arising from environmental and climatic change and that women, including women in the outer islands, be included throughout the planning processes and adoption of such strategies. The State party is encouraged to seek assistance from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for this purpose. The Committee recommends that the State party ensure that a gender perspective is integrated in all sustainable development policies and plans.152 Additionally, other interested States, as well as relevant organizations and agencies, should be involved as partners, and due account taken of existing links with other States, such as a significant community already living in a particular country. This would apply, for example, to Tuvalu and Kiribati in relation to New Zealand, which has an existing labour migration scheme, the Pacific Access Category.153 Communities of some island States have also been established in other States. Australia has initiated a Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme which allows workers from a limited number of countries to obtain temporary work permits to work in the horticultural industry.154 Another example mentioned earlier, is that of the citizens of the Marshall Islands and other States party to the Compact of Free Association with the United States may immigrate to the United States.155 While these existing schemes are not intended to deal with the effects of climate change, it may be worth exploring whether they could be built upon to take account of climate change and the possible future loss of statehood and nationality, thereby allowing the permanent external relocation of nationals from affected island States. Early funding for planning and implementation is also needed. To date, potential donors appear to have stopped short of providing funds for migration or relocation solutions. Pressure appears to be on ensuring that development and adaptation coincide.156 However, January 2011), 51-52; J. Cameroon-Glickenhaus, ‘Palau – coral reef protection’, (2008) 31 Forced Migration Review, 52-53; M. van Aalst, ‘Communicating changing risks’, (2008) 31 Forced Migration Review, 57-58; Toomey, note 14 above. 152 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, ‘Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on Tuvalu’, 7 August 2009, UN Doc. CEDAW/C/TUV/CO/2, at para. 56. 153 The Pacific Access Category is intended for labour migration purposes and is subject to conditions including being between 18 and 45 years of age, having an existing ‘acceptable offer of employment’ meeting minimum income requirements, as well as requirements for English, good health and character. In 2008, only up to 75 citizens of Kiribati, 75 citizens of Tuvalu and 250 citizens of Tonga could be granted residence in New Zealand. See the New Zealand Department of Labour, Pacific Access Category, available online at: http://www.immigration.govt.nz/migrant/stream/live/pacificaccess/ (last accessed 25 January 2011). 154 See, ‘Pacific Seasonal Worker Scheme’, available online at: http://www.immi.gov.au/skilled/pacificseasonal-worker/ (last accessed 25 January 2011). 155 See note 101 above. 156 See for example ‘UNHCR and displacement solutions: Climate change, human rights and forced human displacement: Meeting report’, note 144 above, 6. Still, development actors such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank and other donors appear to have provided funding for internal resettlement or relocation e.g. in Kiribati, see, World Bank, Kiribati - Adaptation Program - Pilot Implementation Phase (KapII), Project Executive Summary, available online at: http//www-wds.worldbank.org (see Project documents – Kiribati) (last accessed 1 April 2009) and the related Project Appraisal Document, 70-73. See also Republic of 22