Caroline Nalule and Anna Nambooze indigenous Tanganyikan residents to acquire Tanganyikan citizenship. But as mentioned earlier, while some took advantage of this, others took their standing in Tanganyika for granted and never registered, making it easier for the government to deny them citizenship when the tables turned towards localisation54. Moreover, while the legislation tended to be inclusive, the racial tensions were never in reality ameliorated and in due course, calls for indigenisation, localisation or Africanisation (all terms meaning more or less the same thing at different times55) mounted. On 7 January 1964, Nyerere in a presidential circular56 introduced the policy on hiring of qualified Tanganyikan citizens regardless of race or ethnicity to strengthen the administrative capacity of the state.57 The policy led to a mutiny by the army who demanded ‘higher pay and removal of European officers’58. Consequently, the ‘Africanisation policy’ was re-instated. 2.2.2 Zanzibar The Constitution of the State of Zanzibar, 1963, used the term ‘subject’- as allegiance was to the Sultan,-instead of ‘citizen’ as used in other Commonwealth constitutions at the time59. It conferred the status of ‘subjects by birth’ to all persons born in the Sultan’s dominions provided either parents were subjects of Zanzibar and the father was neither immune from legal process nor an enemy alien60. Subjects by descent were those who born outside the Dominions of the Sultan, but with a father who was a Zanzibar subject61. A foreigner that had resided in Zanzibar for at least seven years, and resided in the Dominions of the Sultan for twelve months preceding the application, was of good character, had knowledge of either Swahili, English or Arabic, and intended to reside in the Dominions of the Sultan, could apply for naturalisation62. Women married to Zanzibar subjects were entitled to apply to register as subjects63, while parents and guardians of minors could also apply to register them as subjects64. Citizenship by naturalisation or registration could be lost by order of minister, on a number of specified grounds65. The Constitution barely got a chance to be effected as the year 1964 began on a rather explosive note. Almost a month after attaining independence, the ZNP-led government was overthrown and the Sultan, who was the constitutional Head of State, was ousted. Many of the Arabs and people considered aliens or close to the political power were targeted during the 54 It is reported that out of an approximately total 120,000 persons that needed to register, ‘as at the deadline on December 31, 1963, only 12,178 people had registered as citizens, with 26 rejections and only 77 Africans registered’- Miller, supra note 19, p. 141. Heilman also reports of some Europeans that were summarily deported for mistreating Africans - Heilman, supra note 3, p.374. 55 All these policies aimed at granting Tanganyikan, or later Tanzanian, citizens and particularly Africans, access to employment or jobs and business opportunities in the public or private sector- See Heilman, ibid, p. 377; also R Aminzade (2003), ‘From Race to Citizenship: The Indigenization Debate in Post-Socialist Tanzania’ Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol.38, No. 1, p.44. 56 J K Nyerere (1969), Freedom and Unity: Oxford University Press, pp. 258-60. 57 Heilman, supra note 3, p. 375 58 Ibid. 59 The Constitution of the State of Zanzibar (Legal Supplement (Part I) to the Official Gazette of the Zanzibar Government, Vol. LXXII, No. 4320, of 5th December, 1963), section 13 (5). 60 Ibid, section 1. 61 Ibid, section 2. 62 Ibid, section 3 and Schedule 1, part 1. 63 Ibid, sections 5-6. 64 Ibid, section 4. 65 Ibid, section 7-8. RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-CR 2020/6 - © 2020 Author(s) 9