The Plight of the Rightless: Mapping and Understanding Statelessness in Tripoli-V1.3 Appendix A - Assessment of Public Services in Tripoli To better explain the state of deprivation Tripoli suffers from, it is necessary to briefly assess its public service provision. Water supply in Tripoli has long suffered from inefficiency and contamination by wastewater. Potable water networks are not evenly distributed across neighbourhoods and suffer from leaking. Public water is provided for an average of two hours a day.65 With the outbreak of the Syrian crisis, demand on water resources has increased, causing more pressure on groundwater. 66 Solid waste management has not been efficient either. While Tripoli’s dumpsite had always been unregulated before 2011, it has recently exceeded its limit and currently faces the risk of collapse and fire, as described in UN Habitat’s 2016 report on Tripoli. It now extends over an area of over 100,000 m 2 and its liquid residues have reached the sea. Today, Tripoli’s municipality faces the highest national additional solid waste generation (54 tons/day) among cities hosting Syrian refugees. As for electricity supply, it is provided on average for 12 hours a day. As is the norm elsewhere in Lebanon, the remaining hours of outage are covered by private providers. However, only half of Tripoli's families can afford paying the private electricity generators' tariffs. As such, informal and chaotic wiring is prevalent in all Tripolitan neighbourhoods, which renders the electric current unstable and poses a risk of deadly accidents. More recently, longer hours of rationing have been imposed by the government as a result of the increased demand for power by the Syrian refugees.67 When it comes to healthcare, there is a clear imbalance between the pricing of healthcare services and the ability of Tripoli’s population to pay. Tripoli relies on two government hospitals with a total capacity of 190 beds, a relatively low number accommodating the residents of Tripoli. 68 This sector is currently facing added community pressure characterised by increased tension between refugees and host communities due to preferential treatment given to refugees by humanitarian agencies. This is especially problematic in deprived areas where refugees and poor lebanese families live in close proximity. The public education sector on the other hand had been able to accommodate all Lebanese pupils, amounting to 33,752 students as of 2016 in all 108 public schools in Tripoli. With a total capacity of 41,506, public schools could not host all 8,899 Syrian refugee pupils at once and thus adopted the AM/PM shifts system. As such, in 2016, 2,502 Syrian pupils were enrolled in the AM shift versus 6,397 in the PM shift. 69 65 Adib Nehme, Tripoli Urban Deprivation Index Report (Beirut: ESCWA, 2014). UN-Habitat Lebanon, Tripoli City Profile 2016, p.62. 67 UN-Habitat, Profiling deprivation: an analysis of rapid need assessment of Palestinian gatherings in Lebanon (2014). 68 UN-Habitat Lebanon, Tripoli City Profile 2016, p.80. 69 Ibid, p.86. 66 61