Chapter 3. The Council of Europe – Recommendation on second-generation migrants (1984)585; – Recommendation on the acquisition by refugees of the nationality of the host country (1984)586; – Recommendation on the avoidance and reduction of statelessness (1999)587; – Recommendation on the nationality of children (2009).588 Given their direct relevance to preventing and solving statelessness, and their more recent dates, the last two recommendations in this list are discussed more elaborately below. Recommendation No. R (99) of the CM to the member states on the avoidance and reduction of statelessness589 recognizes the negative impact of statelessness on individuals and the problems that it creates. This Recommendation was made relatively shortly after the adoption of the ECN. The CM takes into account the importance of the ECN and expresses the hope that many states will soon sign and ratify this treaty. At the same time, the CM says that it realizes “the need for further measures, both at national and international levels, to avoid and reduce cases of statelessness”.590 As a matter of substance, the Recommendation highlights principles based on the ECN that have a special relevance to the avoidance and reduction of statelessness and adds a number of more elaborate provisions aiming at the avoidance and reduction of cases of statelessness. The latter category is divided into another three further categories: avoiding and reducing statelessness at birth, facilitating the acquisition of nationality by stateless people, and avoiding statelessness as a consequence of loss of nationality. These substantive provisions from the Recommendation are discussed in more depth in section 3.3. Even though matters regarding the nationality of children are already addressed in the ECN, as well as in some rulings of the European Court of Human Rights – for instance the case of Genovese v. Malta, as we will see below – the CM Recommendation 585 586 587 588 589 590 CoE CM Recommendation No. R (84) 9 of the Committee of Ministers to the Member States on second-generation migrants (368th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, 20 March 1984). CoE CM Recommendation No. R (84) 21 of the Committee of Ministers to the Member States on the acquisition by refugees of the nationality of the host state (377th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, 14 November 1984). Th is Recommendation can be regarded as the fi nal piece in a row of recommendations and resolutions on this issue, see CoE CM Resolution (70) 2: Acquisition by refugees of the nationality of their country of residence (adopted by the Ministers’ Deputies on 26 January 1970), and PACE Recommendation 564 (1969): Acquisition by refugees of the nationality of their country of residence (30 September 1969). CoE CM Recommendation No. R (99) 18 of the Committee of Ministers to the Member States on the avoidance and reduction of statelessness (679th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, 15 September 1999). Recommendation CM/Rec (2009) 13 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the nationality of children (adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 9 December 2009 at the 1073rd meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies). CoE CM Recommendation No. R (99) 18 of the Committee of Ministers to the Member States on the avoidance and reduction of statelessness (679th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, 15 September 1999). Ibid. Intersentia 113